Herbicidal compositions containing n-phosphonomethyl glycine and an auxin herbicide

ABSTRACT

Herbicidal compositions are provided which cause rapid symptomology while delivering long term control of regrowth of plants. The herbicidal concentrate compositions comprise N-phosphonomethylglycine or a herbicidal derivative thereof, an auxin herbicide or a herbicidal derivative thereof, and at least one surfactant. Also provided is a method for killing or controlling the growth of certain plants by contacting the foliage of the plants with the diluted concentrate composition.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/680,994, filed Nov. 12, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/273,025, filed May 8, 2014, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 10,499,646, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/802,395, filed Jun. 4, 2010, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/077,279, filed Mar. 10, 2005, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/552,065, filed Mar. 10, 2004, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to herbicidal compositions or formulations, and to methods of using such compositions to kill or control the growth and proliferation of unwanted plants. In particular, the present invention relates to herbicidal compositions, as well as their methods of use, which comprise N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate), or a herbicidal derivative thereof, and an auxin herbicide, or a herbicidal derivative thereof, optionally with one or more suitable surfactants. Such compositions cause early visual symptoms of treatment and/or enhanced effectiveness or control when applied to the foliage of plants.

Glyphosate is well known in the art as an effective post-emergent foliar-applied herbicide. In its acid form, glyphosate has a structure represented by the formula:

and is relatively insoluble in water (1.16% by weight at 25° C.). For this reason it is typically formulated as a water-soluble salt.

Among the water soluble salts of glyphosate is the potassium salt, having a structure represented by the formula:

in the ionic form predominantly present in aqueous solution at a pH of about 4. Glyphosate potassium salt has a molecular weight of 207. This salt is disclosed, for example, by Franz in U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,531, as one of the “alkali metal” salts of glyphosate useful as herbicides, with potassium being specifically disclosed as one of the alkali metals, along with lithium, sodium, cesium and rubidium. Example C discloses the preparation of the monopotassium salt by reacting the specified amounts of glyphosate acid and potassium carbonate in an aqueous medium.

Herbicidal compositions comprising the herbicide N-phosphonomethyl-glycine or derivatives thereof (“glyphosate”), are useful for suppressing the growth of, or killing, unwanted plants such as grasses, weeds and the like. Glyphosate typically is applied to the foliage of the target plant. After application the glyphosate is absorbed by the foliar tissue of the plant and translocated throughout the plant. Glyphosate noncompetitively blocks an important biochemical pathway which is common to virtually all plants, but which is absent in animals. Although glyphosate is very effective in killing or controlling the growth of unwanted plants, the uptake (i.e., absorption) of glyphosate by the plant foliar tissue and translocation of glyphosate throughout the plant is relatively slow. Visual symptoms that a plant has been treated with glyphosate may not appear until one week or more after treatment.

There is a continuing need for herbicidal compositions which exhibit long-term control of unwanted plants and exhibit early visual symptoms of treatment. These compositions would be well suited to applications in cooler temperatures wherein the early visual symptoms may be readily seen while the long-term control would improve as temperatures increase.

As will be clear from the disclosure that follows, these and other benefits are provided by the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides herbicidal compositions comprising glyphosate or a herbicidal derivative thereof, an auxin herbicide or a herbicidal derivative thereof, and at least one surfactant. The present invention also provides methods for killing or controlling the growth of plants by contacting the foliage of the plants with the diluted concentrate composition.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to an aqueous herbicidal concentrate composition comprising glyphosate or a herbicidal derivative thereof, an auxin comprising one or more auxin herbicides selected from the group consisting of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, dicamba, picloram, quniclorac and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof and a surfactant component in solution or stable suspension, emulsion or dispersion, comprising one or more surfactants. The glyphosate (acid equivalent basis) and the auxin herbicide (acid equivalent basis) are present in a weight ratio of at least 32:1 and the composition has a cloud point of at least about 50 C and a crystallization point not higher than about 0 C.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to an aqueous herbicidal concentrate composition comprising glyphosate, predominantly in the form of the potassium salt thereof in a concentration of at least 65 grams acid equivalent per liter, and an auxin herbicide comprising one or more auxin herbicides selected from the group consisting of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, dicamba, picloram, quniclorac and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof. The herbicidal concentrate composition further comprises a first surfactant component in solution or stable suspension, emulsion or dispersion comprising one or more surfactants selected from the group consisting of secondary or tertiary amines, dialkoxylated quaternary ammonium salts, monoalkoxylated quaternary ammonium salts, quaternary ammonium salts, ether amines, amine oxides, dialkoxylated amines, aminated alkoxylated alcohols, alkyl alkoxylated phosphates and alkylpolyglycosides.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention is directed to an aqueous herbicidal concentrate composition comprising glyphosate, predominantly in the form of the isopropylammonium salt thereof in a concentration of greater than 360 grams acid equivalent per liter, an auxin herbicide component comprising one or more auxin herbicides selected from the group consisting of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, dicamba, picloram, quniclorac and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof, and a surfactant component in solution or stable suspension, emulsion or dispersion, comprising one or more surfactants. The glyphosate (acid equivalent basis) and the auxin herbicide component (acid equivalent basis) are present in a weight ratio of at least 9.5:1 and the composition has a cloud point of at least about 50 C and a crystallization point not higher than about 0° C.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of killing or controlling weeds or unwanted plants comprising diluting an aqueous herbicidal concentrate composition in an amount of water to form an application mixture and applying a herbicidally effective amount of the application mixture to foliage of the weeds or unwanted plants, wherein the weeds or unwanted plants comprise Commelina and the aqueous herbicidal concentrate composition comprises glyphosate or a herbicidal derivative thereof, an auxin herbicide component comprising one or more auxin herbicides selected from the group consisting of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, dicamba, picloram, quniclorac and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof, and a surfactant component in solution or stable suspension, emulsion or dispersion, comprising one or more surfactants.

Other objects and features of the present invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to the present invention, herbicidal compositions containing glyphosate or a derivative thereof, an auxin herbicide or a derivative thereof, and a suitable surfactant, are provided that are advantageous for a number of reasons, including early visual symptoms of plant treatment, rapid uptake by the target plant, and control of a broad spectrum of plant species, as well as enhanced, more consistent control of unwanted plants. Although use of reduced application rates is not preferred, in at least some embodiments, lower application rates may be used without a significant loss of effectiveness of plant control.

Among the various aspects of the present invention is an aqueous herbicidal composition of N-phosphonomethyl glycine (glyphosate), predominantly in the form of the potassium salt thereof, and an auxin herbicide. The word “predominantly” in the above context means that at least about 50%, preferably at least about 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or about 95%, by weight of the glyphosate, expressed as a.e., is present as the potassium salt. Other salts of glyphosate which can make up the balance of the glyphosate component are agriculturally acceptable salts including the isopropylamine, di-ammonium, ammonium, sodium, monoethanolamine, n-propylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, hexamethylenediamine, dimethylamine or trimethylsulfonium salts. The second salt ion should be chosen so as not to adversely affect the viscosity, cloud point, non-crystallization and other stability properties of the composition.

Another aspect of the present invention is an aqueous herbicidal composition of N-phosphonomethyl glycine (glyphosate), predominantly in the form of the isopropylamine salt thereof, and an auxin herbicide. Other salts of glyphosate which can make up the balance of the glyphosate component are agriculturally acceptable salts including the di-ammonium, ammonium, sodium, potassium, monoethanolamine, n-propylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, hexamethylenediamine, dimethylamine or trimethylsulfonium salts.

The auxin herbicide is selected from the group consisting of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid (2,4-DB), dichloroprop, (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA), 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid (MCPB), mecoprop, dicamba, picloram, quinclorac, agriculturally acceptable salts or esters of any of these herbicides, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, preferably, the auxin herbicide is selected from the group consisting of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba, salts or esters thereof, and mixtures thereof. Generally, the primary action of auxin herbicides appears to involve cell wall plasticity and nucleic acid metabolism. 2,4-D is thought to acidify the cell wall by stimulating the activity of a membrane-bound ATPase-driven proton pump. The reduction in apoplasmic pH induces cell elongation by increasing the activity of certain enzymes responsible for cell wall loosening. Low concentrations of 2,4-D are reported to stimulate RNA polymerase, resulting in subsequent increases in RNA, DNA, and protein biosynthesis. Abnormal increases in these processes presumably lead to uncontrolled cell division and growth, which results in vascular tissue destruction. In contrast, high concentrations of 2,4-D and other auxin-type herbicides inhibit cell division and growth, usually in meristematic regions that accumulate photosynthate assimilates and herbicide from the phloem.

In another embodiment, preferably, the auxin herbicide is at least 1% soluble by weight in water at pH 6. The auxin herbicide can be present in the composition in the form of its acid, an agriculturally acceptable salt (e.g., isopropylamine, di-ammonium, ammonium, sodium, monoethanolamine, n-propylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, hexamethylenediamine, dimethylamine or trimethylsulfonium), or an agriculturally acceptable ester (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, octyl, ethoxyethyl, butoxyethyl or methoxypropyl). The salt or ester ion of the auxin herbicide should be chosen to not affect the viscosity, cloud point, non-crystallization and other stability properties of the composition.

In another aspect of the present invention, the glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions may contain 5 g a.e./L (grams acid equivalent per liter) to 600 g glyphosate a.e./L, preferably from 65 to about 600, from about 75 to about 600, from about 100 to about 600, from about 150 to about 600, from about 200 to about 600, from about 250 to about 600, from about 300 to about 600, from about 350 to about 600, from about 400 to about 600, from about 450 to about 600, or from about 480 to about 600 g glyphosate a.e./L. In this context, generally, the weight ratio of the glyphosate (acid equivalent basis) to the auxin herbicide (acid equivalent basis) varies depending on the activity of the auxin herbicide which is generally determined using the standard use rates. A person skilled in the art would know that a higher standard use rate indicates a lower activity and thus more of the auxin herbicide should be used to achieve acceptable results. With this relationship in mind, in one embodiment, typically, the weight ratio of glyphosate to 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, MCPA, or MCPB is about 10:1 to about 100:1. In another embodiment, typically, the weight ratio of glyphosate to mecoprop is about 10:1 to about 50:1. In yet another embodiment, typically, the weight ratio of glyphosate to dicamba, or picloram is about 20:1 to about 200:1. In a further embodiment, preferably, the weight ratio of glyphosate to 2,4-D is about 20:1 to about 100:1; more preferably, about 20:1 to about 50:1; particularly, about 25:1 to about 50:1. In yet a further embodiment, preferably, the weight ratio of glyphosate to dicamba is about 40:1 to about 200:1; more preferably, about 40:1 to about 100:1; particularly, about 50:1 to about 100:1.

In another embodiment of the invention, the glyphosate in the glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions is present in an amount of at least about 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 480, 500, 525, 550, 575, 580 or 600 g a.e./L.

In another embodiment, the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in compositions of the invention in a weight ratio of at least 33:1, 34:1, 35:1, 36:1, 37:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 45:1, 50:1, 55:1, 60:1, 65:1, 70:1, 75:1, 80:1, 85:1, 90:1, 95:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1, 160:1, 170:1, 180:1, 190:1 or 200:1. In another embodiment, the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in a weight ratio of from about 40:1 to about 200:1, from about 50:1 to about 200:1, from about 60:1 to about 200:1, from about 50:1 to about 150:1, from about 50:1 to about 100:1 or from 32:1 to about 50:1.

In another embodiment, the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in compositions of the invention in a weight ratio of at least about 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 35:1, 40:1, 45:1, 50:1, 55:1, 60:1, 65:1, 70:1, 75:1, 80:1, 85:1, 90:1, 95:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1, 160:1, 170:1, 180:1, 190:1 or 200:1. Preferably, the glyphosate is present in an amount of at least 65 g a.e./L. In one embodiment, the glyphosate concentration is between 360 and 445 g a.e./L, and the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in a weight ratio of about 5:1 to about 50:1, about 5:1 to about 40:1, or about 8:1 to about 36:1. In a second embodiment, the glyphosate concentration is between 445 and 480 g a.e./L, and the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in a weight ratio of about 41:1, 42:1, 43:1, 44:1, 45:1, 46:1, 47:1, 48:1, 49:1, 50:1, 51:1, 52:1, 53:1, 54:1, 55:1, 56:1, 57:1, 58:1, 59:1, 60:1, 61:1, 62:1, 63:1, 64:1, or 65:1. In a third embodiment, the glyphosate concentration is between 360 and 525 g a.e./L, and the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in a weight ratio of about 8:1 to about 80:1 or about 25:1 to about 56:1. In a fourth embodiment, the glyphosate concentration is at least 480 g a.e./L, and the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in a weight ratio of about 25:1 to about 80:1, about 50:1 to about 80:1, about 63:1 to about 80:1, or about 25:1 to about 52:1.

The selection of application rates that are herbicidally effective for a composition of the invention is within the skill of the ordinary agricultural scientist. Those of skill in the art will likewise recognize that individual plant conditions, weather and growing conditions, as well as the specific active ingredients and their weight ratio in the composition, will influence the degree of herbicidal effectiveness achieved in practicing this invention. Typical application rates of the glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions of the present invention can be determined from the label of each commercially available herbicide for a particular weed species. In general, the application rate of glyphosate is about 340 grams per acre. A person skilled in the art would understand that when the weed growth is heavy or dense or where weeds are growing in an undisturbed area, a higher application rate may be necessary to achieve acceptable weed control. In addition, for difficult-to-control weeds, a higher application rate may be necessary for adequate weed control.

The potassium glyphosate and auxin herbicide composition of the present invention is useful in controlling a variety of broadleaf weeds. These weeds include Velvetleaf, Redroot Pigweed, Pigweed Species, Tall Waterhemp, Giant Ragweed, Indian Mustard, Sicklepod, Lambsquarters, Wild Poinsettia, Common Mallow, Hemp Sesbania, Prickly Sida, Wild Mustard, Morningglory (Brazil), Morningglory, Ivyleaf Morningglory, Pitted Morningglory, Buckwheat, Cutleaf Evening Primrose, Curly Dock, Common Chickweed, Common Dayflower and Tropical Spiderwort.

Also provided by the present invention is a method of killing or controlling weeds or unwanted vegetation comprising diluting with a suitable volume of water a herbicidally effective amount of a composition as provided herein to form an application mixture, and applying the application mixture to foliage of the weeds or unwanted vegetation. If desired, the user can mix one or more adjuvants with a composition of the invention and the water of dilution when preparing the application composition. Such adjuvants can include additional surfactant and/or an inorganic salt such as ammonium sulfate with the aim of further enhancing herbicidal efficacy. However, under most conditions a herbicidal method of use of the present invention gives acceptable efficacy in the absence of such adjuvants.

In a particular contemplated method of use of a composition of the invention, the composition, following dilution in water, is applied to foliage of crop plants genetically transformed or selected to tolerate glyphosate, and simultaneously to foliage of weeds or undesired plants growing in close proximity to such crop plants. This method of use results in control of the weeds or undesired plants while leaving the crop plants substantially unharmed. Crop plants genetically transformed or selected to tolerate glyphosate include those whose seeds are sold by Monsanto Company or under license from Monsanto Company bearing the Roundup Ready® trademark. These include varieties of wheat, turfgrass, and corn.

Plant treatment compositions can be prepared simply by diluting a concentrate composition of the invention in water. Application of plant treatment compositions to foliage is preferably accomplished by spraying, using any conventional means for spraying liquids, such as spray nozzles, atomizers or the like. Compositions of the invention can be used in precision farming techniques, in which apparatus is employed to vary the amount of pesticide applied to different parts of a field, depending on variables such as the particular plant species present, soil composition, etc. In one embodiment of such techniques, a global positioning system operated with the spraying apparatus can be used to apply the desired amount of the composition to different parts of a field.

A plant treatment composition is preferably dilute enough to be readily sprayed using standard agricultural spray equipment. Useful spray volumes for the present invention can range from about 10 to about 1000 liters per hectare (I/ha) or higher, by spray application.

High Load

In a further embodiment, the glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions may contain about 300 to about 600 g a.e./L of glyphosate, predominantly in the form of the potassium salt thereof. For these compositions, the balance of the glyphosate component is made up of agriculturally acceptable salts including the isopropylamine, monoethanolamine, n-propylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, ammonium, diammonium, hexamethylenediamine, dimethylamine or trimethylsulfonium salts. In another embodiment, preferably, the glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions may contain about 450 to about 600 g a.e./L of glyphosate, predominantly in the form of the potassium salt thereof. In general, as the concentration of glyphosate is increased in the composition, the concentration of the auxin herbicide may be decreased to achieve acceptable weed control. Typically, for potassium glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions containing about 450 to about 600 g a.e./L of glyphosate, the weight ratio of the glyphosate to the auxin herbicide is about 25:1 to about 100:1. In particular, for potassium glyphosate and 2,4-D compositions containing about 540 to about 600 g a.e./L of glyphosate, the weight ratio of the glyphosate to 2,4-D is about 25:1 to about 50:1.

In another embodiment, the glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions may contain about 360 to about 600 g a.e./L of glyphosate, predominantly in the form of the isopropylamine salt thereof. For these compositions, the balance of the glyphosate component is made up of agriculturally acceptable salts including the monoethanolamine, n-propylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, ammonium, diammonium, potassium, hexamethylenediamine, dimethylamine or trimethylsulfonium salts. In another embodiment, preferably, the glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions may contain about 360 to about 450 g a.e./L of glyphosate, predominantly in the form of the isopropylamine salt thereof. In general, as the concentration of glyphosate is increased in the composition, the concentration of the auxin herbicide may be decreased to achieve acceptable weed control. Typically, for isopropylamine glyphosate and auxin herbicide compositions containing about 360 to about 450 g a.e./L of glyphosate, the weight ratio of the glyphosate to the auxin herbicide is about 10:1 to about 20:1. In one embodiment, the glyphosate is present in an amount of at least about 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 475, 480, 500, 525, 550, 575, 580 or 600 g a.e./L, and the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in a weight ratio of at least 9.5:1, 9.6:1, 9.7:1, 9.8:1, 9.9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, or 20:1. In a second embodiment, the glyphosate is present in an amount of from about 400 to about 600, from about 420 to about 600, from about 430 to about 600, from about 440 to about 600, from about 450 to about 600, or from about 480 to about 600 g a.e./L, and the glyphosate (a.e. basis) and auxin herbicide component (a.e. basis) are present in a weight ratio of at least 9.5:1, 9.6:1, 9.7:1, 9.8:1, 9.9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, or 20:1.

Surfactants

Surfactants and cosurfactants effective in formulating glyphosate, such as potassium or isopropylamine glyphosate, with auxin herbicides include cationic, nonionic, anionic, and amphoteric surfactants and cosurfactants as described below and mixtures thereof, wherein the surfactant component is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.

Cationic surfactants and cosurfactants effective in such glyphosate formulations include:

(a) a secondary or tertiary amine having the formula:

wherein R¹ is hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, and R² and R³ are hydrogen or hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms. In this context, preferred R¹, R², and R³ hydrocarbyl groups are linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups. Preferably, R¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms, and R² and R³ are independently hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. More preferably, R¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group having from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms, and R² and R³ are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. In one embodiment of the amine of formula (1), R¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms, and R² and R³ are independently linear or branched hydroxyalkyl groups having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.

(b) dialkoxylated quaternary ammonium salt having the formula:

wherein R¹¹ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, R¹² in each of the (R¹²O)_(x) and (R¹²O)_(y) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R¹³ is hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, R¹⁴ hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, x and y are independently an average number from 1 to about 40, and X⁻ is an agriculturally acceptable anion. In this context, preferred R¹¹ and R¹⁴ hydrocarbyl groups are linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups. Preferably, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are independently a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, R¹² in each of the (R¹²O)_(x) and (R¹²O)_(y) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R¹³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and the sum of x and y is an average number from about 2 to about 30. More preferably, R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, R¹² in each of the (R¹²O)_(x) and (R¹²O)_(y) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R¹³ is hydrogen or methyl, and the sum of x and y is an average number from about 2 to about 20. Even more preferably, R¹¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and R¹⁴ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, R¹² in each of the (R¹²O)_(x) and (R¹²O)_(y) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R¹³ is hydrogen or methyl, and x is an average number from about 2 to about 20. Most preferably, R¹¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and R¹⁴ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, R¹² in each of the (R¹²O)_(x) and (R¹²O)_(y) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R¹³ is hydrogen or methyl, and x is an average number from about 2 to about 15, or R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, R¹² in each of the (R¹²O)_(x) and (R¹²O)_(y) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R¹³ is hydrogen or methyl, and x is an average number from about 5 to about 15. Preferred dialkoxylated quaternary ammonium surfactants include Ethoquad™ C12 (a PEG 2 coco methyl ammonium chloride from Akzo Nobel), PEG 5 coco methyl ammonium chloride, PEG 5 tallow methyl ammonium chloride, PEG 5 ditallow ammonium bromide, and PEG 10 ditallow ammonium bromide.

(c) monoalkoxylated quaternary ammonium salts having the formula:

wherein R²¹ and R²⁵ are independently hydrogen or hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, R²⁴ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, R²² in each of the (R²²O)_(x2) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R²³ is hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, x² is an average number from 1 to about 60, and X⁻ is an agriculturally acceptable anion. In this context, preferred R²¹, R²⁴, and R²⁵ hydrocarbyl groups are linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups. Preferably, R²¹, R²⁴ and R²⁵ are independently a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, R²² in each of the (R²²O)_(x2) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R²³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and x² is an average number from 1 to about 40. More preferably, R²¹, R²⁴ and R²⁵ are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, R²² in each of the (R²²O)_(x2) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R²³ is hydrogen or methyl, and x² is an average number from 1 to about 30. Even more preferably, R²¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, R²² in each of the (R²²O)_(x2) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R²³ is hydrogen or methyl, R²⁴ and R²⁵ are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, and x² is an average number from 1 to about 30. Even more preferably, R²¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, R²² in each of the (R²²O)_(x2) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R²³ is hydrogen or methyl, R²⁴ and R²⁵ are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and x² is an average number from about 5 to about 25. Most preferably, R²¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 16 to about 22 carbon atoms, R²² in each of the (R²²O)_(x2) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R²³ is hydrogen or methyl, R²⁴ and R²⁵ are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms, and x² is an average number from about 5 to about 25. Preferred monoalkoxylated quaternary ammonium surfactants include PEG 7 C₁₈ dimethyl ammonium chloride and PEG 22 C₁₈ dimethyl ammonium chloride.

(d) quaternary ammonium salts having the formula:

wherein R³¹, R³³ and R³⁴ are independently hydrogen or hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, R³² is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, and X⁻ is an agriculturally acceptable anion. In this context, preferred R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ hydrocarbyl groups are linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups. Preferably, R³¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms, and R³², R³³ and R³⁴ are independently a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms. More preferably, R³¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, and R³², R³³ and R³⁴ are independently a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Even more preferably, R³¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 16 carbon atoms, and R³², R³³ and R³⁴ are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Most preferably, R³¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 14 carbon atoms, and R³², R³³ and R³⁴ are methyl. Preferred commercially available quaternary ammonium surfactants include Arquad™ C-50 (a dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride from Akzo Nobel) and Arquad™ T-50 (a tallow trimethyl ammonium chloride from Akzo Nobel).

(e) ether amines having the formula:

wherein R⁴¹ is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R⁴² is hydrocarbylene or substituted hydrocarbylene having from 2 to about 30 carbon atoms; R⁴³ and R⁴⁴ are independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, or —(R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴R⁴⁶, R⁴⁵ in each of the (R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴ groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R⁴⁶ is hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, and x⁴ is an average number from 1 to about 50. In this context, preferred R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁴³, and R⁴⁴ hydrocarbyl (hydrocarbylene) groups are linear or branched alkyl (alkylene), linear or branched alkenyl (alkenylene), linear or branched alkynyl (alkynylene), aryl (arylene), or aralkyl (aralkylene) groups. Preferably, R⁴¹ is a linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl group having from 8 to about 25 carbon atoms, R⁴² is a linear or branched alkylene or alkenylene group having from 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, R⁴³ and R⁴⁴ are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl group having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, or —(R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴R⁴⁶, R⁴⁵ in each of the (R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴ groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R⁴⁶ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and x⁴ is an average number from 1 to about 30. More preferably, R⁴¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group having from 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, R⁴² is a linear or branched alkylene or alkenylene group having from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, R⁴³ and R⁴⁴ are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or —(R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴R⁴⁶, R⁴⁵ in each of the (R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴ groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R⁴⁶ is hydrogen or methyl, and x⁴ is an average number from 1 to about 15. Most preferably, R⁴¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group having from 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, R⁴² is ethylene or propylene, R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, methyl, or —(R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴R⁴⁶, R⁴⁵ in each of the (R⁴⁵O)_(x) ⁴ groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R⁴⁶ is hydrogen, and x⁴ is an average number from 1 to about 5.

(f) amine oxides having the formula:

wherein R⁵¹, R⁵² and R⁵³ are independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, —(R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵R⁵⁵, or —R⁵⁶(OR⁵⁴)_(x) ⁵OR⁵⁵, R⁵⁴ in each of the x⁵ (R⁵⁴O) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R⁵⁵ is hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, R⁵⁶ is hydrocarbylene or substituted hydrocarbylene having from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, x⁵ is an average number from 1 to about 50, and the total number of carbon atoms in R⁵¹, R⁵² and R⁵³ is at least 8. In this context, preferred R⁵¹, R⁵², R⁵³, and R⁵⁶ hydrocarbyl (hydrocarbylene) groups are linear or branched alkyl (alkylene), linear or branched alkenyl (alkenylene), linear or branched alkynyl (alkynylene), aryl (arylene), or aralkyl (aralkylene) groups. Preferably, R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, or —(R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵R⁵⁵, R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms, R⁵⁴ in each of the (R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵ groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene; R⁵⁵ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and x⁵ is an average number from 1 to about 30. More preferably, R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms; or R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently —(R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵R⁵⁵, R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, R⁵⁴ in each of the (R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵ groups is ethylene or propylene, R⁵⁵ is hydrogen or methyl, and x⁵ is an average number from 1 to about 10. Most preferably, R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently methyl, and R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms; or R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently —(R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵R⁵⁵, R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, R⁵⁴ in each of the (R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵ groups is ethylene or propylene, R⁵⁵ is hydrogen, and x⁵ is an average number from 1 to about 5. Commercially available amine oxide surfactants include Chemoxide L70.

(g) dialkoxylated amines having the formula:

wherein R⁶¹ is a linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl group having from about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, R⁶² in each of the (R⁶²O)_(x6) and the (R⁶²O)_(y6) groups is independently C2-C₄ alkylene, R⁶³ is hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms and x⁶ and y⁶ are independently an average number from 1 to about 40. Preferably, R⁶¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms, R⁶² in each of the (R⁶²O)_(x6) and the (R⁶²O)_(y6) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R⁶³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and x⁶ and y⁶ are independently an average number from 1 to about 20. More preferably, R⁶¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 25 carbon atoms, R⁶² in each of the (R⁶²O)_(x6) and the (R⁶²O)_(y6) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R⁶³ is hydrogen or methyl, and x and y are independently an average number from 1 to about 10. Even more preferably, R⁶¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, R⁶² in each of the (R⁶²O)_(x6) and the (R⁶²O)_(y6) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R⁶³ is hydrogen or methyl, and x⁶ and y⁶ are independently an average number from 1 to about 5. Preferred commercially available dialkoxylated amines include Trymeen™ 6617 (from Cognis), Ethomeen™ C/12, C/15, C/20, C/25, T/12, T/15, T/20 and T/25 (from Akzo Nobel), and Genamin™ T-200 DG and T-200 NF (from Clariant).

(h) aminated alkoxylated alcohols having the following chemical structure:

wherein R⁷¹ is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R⁷² in each of the (R⁷²O)_(x7) and (R⁷²O)_(y7) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene; R⁷³ is hydrocarbylene or substituted hydrocarbylene having from 2 to about 30 carbon atoms; R⁷⁴ and R⁷⁵ are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, —(R⁷⁶)_(n) ⁷—(R⁷²O)_(y) ⁷R⁷⁷, or R⁷⁴ and R⁷⁵, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a cyclic or heterocyclic ring; R⁷⁶ is hydrocarbylene or substituted hydrocarbylene having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R⁷⁷ is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, n⁷ is 0 or 1, x⁷ and y⁷ are independently an average number from 1 to about 60. In this context, preferred R⁷¹, R⁷³, R⁷⁴, R⁷⁵, and R⁷⁶ hydrocarbyl (hydrocarbylene) groups are linear or branched alkyl (alkylene), linear or branched alkenyl (alkenylene), linear or branched alkynyl (alkynylene), aryl (arylene), or aralkyl (aralkylene) groups. Preferably, R⁷¹ is a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from about 8 to about 25 carbon atoms, R⁷² in each of the (R⁷²O)_(x7) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R⁷³ is a linear or branched alkylene group having from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, R⁷⁴ and R⁷⁵ are each independently hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and x⁷ is an average number from 1 to about 30. More preferably, R⁷¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms, R⁷² in each of the (R⁷²O)_(x7) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R⁷³ is a linear or branched alkylene group having from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, R⁷⁴ and R⁷⁵ are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl, and x⁷ is an average number from about 2 to about 30. Even more preferably, R⁷¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms, R⁷² in each of the (R⁷²O)_(x7) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R⁷³ is ethylene or propylene, R⁷⁴ and R⁷⁵ are each independently hydrogen, methyl or tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl, and x⁷ is an average number from about 4 to about 20. Most preferably, R⁷¹ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms, R⁷² in each of the (R⁷²O)_(x7) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R⁷³ is ethylene, R⁷⁴ and R7⁵ are methyl, and x⁷ is an average number from about 4 to about 20. Preferred monoalkoxylated amines include PEG 13 or 18 C₁₄₋₁₅ ether propylamines and PEG 7, 10, 15 or 20 C₁₆₋₁₈ ether propylamines (from Tomah) and PEG 13 or 18 C₁₄₋₁₅ ether dimethyl propylamines and PEG 10, 15 or 20 or 25 C₁₆₋₁₈ ether dimethyl propylamines (from Tomah) and Surfonic™ AGM-550 from Huntsman.

Preferred anionic surfactants effective in forming potassium glyphosate formulations include:

(i) alkyl alkoxylated phosphates having the formula:

wherein R⁸¹ and R⁸³ are independently a linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl group having from about 4 to about 30 carbon atoms; R⁸² in each of the (R⁸²O)_(m) and the (R⁸²O)_(n) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene; and m and n are independently from 1 to about 30.

(j) alkyl alkoxylated phosphates having the formula:

wherein R⁹¹ is a linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl group having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms; R⁹² in each of the (R⁹²O)_(a) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene; and a is from 1 to about 30. Representative alkyl alkoxylated phosphates include oleth-10 phosphate, oleth-20 phosphate and oleth-25 phosphate.

In addition, nonionic surfactants or cosurfactants effective in such glyphosate formulations include:

(k) alkylpolyglycoside surfactants having the formula:

[R¹⁰¹—(R¹⁰⁴)_(q)-(sug)_(u)OH]_(v)   (11)

where R¹⁰¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₁₈ hydrocarbyl, R¹⁰⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ hydrocarbyl, q is 0 or 1, sug is (i) an open or cyclic structure derived from sugars, such as, for example, glucose or sucrose (referred to herein as a sugar unit), or (ii) a hydroxyalkyl, polyhydroxyalkyl or poly(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl group, u is an average number from 1 to about 2, and v is an integer from 1 to 3. This group includes several commercial surfactants collectively known in the art or referred to herein as “alkyl polyglucosides” or “APGs”. Suitable examples are sold by Henkel as Agrimul™ PG-2069, Agrimul™ PG-2076 and Agrimul™ PG-2067.

(l) polysiloxane surfactants having the formula:

wherein R¹ is —C_(n)H_(2n)O(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)(CH₂CH(CH₃)O)_(q)X, n is 0 to 6, a is 0 to about 100, b is 0 to about 10, m is 0 to about 30, q is 0 to about 30, X is hydrogen or a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl or C₂₋₆ acyl group, and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ groups are independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl or nitrogen containing groups. Generally, in preferred embodiments, n is 0 to 6, a is 1 to about 30, b is 0 to about 10, m is 0 to about 30, q is 0 to about 3, X is hydrogen or a C₁₋₆ hydrocarbyl or C₂₋₆ acyl group, and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ groups are independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₄ hydrocarbyl or nitrogen containing groups. In one preferred embodiment, the polysiloxane is a polyoxyethylene heptamethyl trisiloxane wherein R¹ is —C_(n)H_(2n)O(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)(CH₂CH(CH₃)O)_(q)X, n is 3 or 4, a is 1, b is 0, m is 1 to about 30, q is 0, X is hydrogen or a methyl, ethyl or acetyl group, and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ groups are independently substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₄ hydrocarbyl or nitrogen containing groups. In another preferred embodiment, a is 1 to 5, b is 0 to 10, n is 3 or 4, m is 1 to about 30, q is 0, X is hydrogen or a methyl, ethyl or acetyl group, and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are methyl groups. In another preferred embodiment, a is 1 to 5, b is 0 to 10, n is 3 or 4, m is 4 to 12, q is 0, X is hydrogen or a methyl or acetyl group, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are methyl groups. In a more preferred embodiment, a is 1, b is 0, n is 3 or 4, m is 1 to about 30, b is 0, X is hydrogen or a methyl, ethyl or acetyl group, and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are methyl groups. In a further preferred embodiment, a is 1, b is 0, n is 3, m is 8, b is 0, X is methyl and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are methyl groups. Trisiloxanes of the above formula are generally described in product literature of Crompton Corporation and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,505,377. Several of such trisiloxanes are ethoxylated organosilicone wetting agents available from Crompton Corporation as Silwet® silicone glycol copolymers. Both liquid organosilicones and dry organosilicones can be used in the surfactant composition; both are included within the scope of the invention. More preferred trisiloxanes are those sold commercially in the United States or elsewhere by Crompton Corporation as Silwet® L-77, Silwet® 408 and Silwet® 800, by Dow-Corning as Sylgard® 309, by Exacto, Inc., as Qwikwet® 100, and by Goldschmidt as Breakthru S-240. In the most preferred polyoxyethylene heptamethyl trisiloxanes, R² is hydrogen.

Additionally, it has been found that the addition of a C₄ to C₁₆ alkyl or aryl amine compound, or the corresponding quaternary ammonium compound, greatly enhances the compatibility of certain glyphosate salts (e.g., potassium or isopropylamine) with surfactants that otherwise exhibit low or marginal compatibility at a given glyphosate loading. Suitable alkyl or aryl amine compounds may also contain 0 to about 5 EO groups. Preferred alkylamine compounds include C₆ to C₁₂ alkylamines having 0 to 2 EO groups. Similarly, etheramine compounds having 4 to 12 carbons and 0 to about 5 EO groups, as well as the corresponding quaternary ammonium compounds, also enhance the compatibility of such formulations. In one embodiment, the compounds which enhance the compatibility of such surfactants include:

(m) amines or quaternary ammonium salts having the formula:

wherein R¹¹¹ is linear or branched alkyl or aryl having from about 4 to about 16 carbon atoms, R¹¹² is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(d)H, R¹¹³ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(e)H wherein the sum of d and e is not more than about 5; R¹¹⁴ is hydrogen or methyl; R¹¹⁶ in each of the (R¹¹⁶O)_(c) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene; R¹¹⁵ is hydrocarbylene or substituted hydrocarbylene having from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms; and A⁻ is an agriculturally acceptable anion.

In aqueous concentrated formulations of the present invention, the ratio (by weight) of the glyphosate a.e. to the surfactant is typically in the range of from about 1:1 to about 20:1, preferably from about 2:1 to about 10:1, more preferably from about 2:1 to about 8:1, still more preferably from about 2:1 to about 6:1, still more preferably from about 3:1 to about 6:1, and still more preferably about 4.5:1 to 6:1.

In another embodiment, preferably, the surfactant of the compositions of the invention comprises a first surfactant component which includes one or more surfactants selected from the group consisting of:

(a) ether amines having formula (5) described above in paragraph (e);

(b) dialkoxylated amines having formula (7) described above in paragraph (g); and

(c) aminated alkoxylated alcohols having formula (8) described above in paragraph (h). The most preferred surfactants are those which provide a cloud point greater than about 60° C. in a composition having a glyphosate loading of at least about 480 g a.e./l.

In a further embodiment, preferably, the surfactant of the compositions of the invention comprises a first surfactant component as described in detail above and additionally a second surfactant component which includes one or more surfactant(s) selected from the group consisting of:

(a) secondary or tertiary amines having formula (1) described above in paragraph (a);

(b) dialkoxylated quaternary ammonium salts having formula (2) described above in paragraph (b);

(c) monoalkoxylated quaternary ammonium salts having formula (3) described above in paragraph (c);

(d) quaternary ammonium salts having formula (4) described above in paragraph (d);

(e) amine oxides having formula (6) described above in paragraph (e);

(f) alkyl alkoxylated phosphates having formula (9) described above in paragraph (i);

(g) alkyl alkoxylated phosphates having formula (10) described above in paragraph (j);

(h) alkylpolyglycosides having formula (11) described above in paragraph (k); and

(i) amines or quaternary ammonium salts having formulae (12)-(15) described above in paragraph (l).

In yet another embodiment, more preferably, the second surfactant component is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) alkylpolyglycosides having formula (11) described above in paragraph (k); and

(b) amines or quaternary ammonium salts having formulae (12)-(15) described above in paragraph (l).

In an embodiment of the invention, the density of the formulation of the invention is preferably at least 1.210 grams/liter, more preferably at least about 1.215, 1.220, 1.225, 1.230, 1.235, 1.240, 1.245, 1.250, 1.255, 1.260, 1.265, 1.270, 1.275, 1.280, 1.285, 1.290, 1.295, 1.300, 1.305, 1.310, 1.315, 1.320, 1.325, 1.330, 1.335, 1.340, 1.345, 1.350, 1.355, 1.360, 1.365, 1.370, 1.375, 1.380, 1.385, 1.390, 1.395, 1.400, 1.405, 1.410, 1.415, 1.420, 1.425, 1.430, 1.435, 1.440, 1.445, or 1.450 grams/liter.

As further discussed herein, other additives, adjuvants, or ingredients may be introduced into the formulations of the present invention to improve certain properties of the resulting formulations. Although the formulations of the present invention generally show good overall stability and viscosity properties without the addition of any further additives, the addition of a solubilizer (also commonly referred to as a cloud point enhancer or stabilizer) can significantly improve the properties of the formulations of the present invention. Suitable solubilizers for use with the novel formulations of the present invention include, for example, cocoamine (Armeen C), dimethylcocoamine (Arquad DMCD), cocoammonium chloride (Arquad C), PEG 2 cocoamine (Ethomeen C12), PEG 5 tallowamine (Ethomeen T15), and PEG 5 cocoamine (Ethomeen C15), all of which are manufactured by Akzo Nobel (California). Additional excipient ingredients may include conventional formulation additives such as dyes, thickeners, crystallization inhibitors, antifreeze agents (e.g., glycols, such as ethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol 200, 400, 600, 1500, 4000 or 6000), foam moderating agents (e.g., Antifoam™ or Y-14088 Antifoam™, both available from Crompton Corporation), antidrift agents, compatibilizing agents, antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite, in order for example to prevent the formation of a nitrosamine), other co-solvents (e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone, DMSO, DMF, propylene carbonate, or ethylene glycol), or some other agent added to lessen or overcome antagonism associated with hard water (e.g., ammonium sulfate, EDTA or a polymeric water conditioner, such as a polyacrylic acid).

Other components such as solvents and organic acids may be added to enhance concentrate stability. These additives generally function to increase solubility or dispersability of the surfactants in the aqueous carrier thus enabling the formulation of robust concentrates exhibiting enhanced thermal and pH stability, reduced viscosity, and high glyphosate loading. Non-limiting examples of water soluble solvents include acetates, C₁₋₆ alkanols, C₁₋₆ diols, C₁₋₆ alkyl ethers of alkylene glycols and polyalkylene glycols, and mixtures thereof. The alkanol can be selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, the various positional isomers of butanol, pentanol, and hexanol, and mixtures thereof. It may also be possible to utilize in addition to, or in place of, said alkanols, the diols such as methylene, ethylene, diethylene, propylene, dipropylene, and butylene glycols, and mixtures thereof, and including polyalkylene glycols. These components are generally employed in dispersion-effective or solubilizing effective amounts. Suitable organic acids include, among others, acetic, dichloroacetic, citric, malic, oxalic, salicylic and tartaric. Effective concentrations of organic acids are generally between about 0.1 wt % and 5 wt %.

Although additional herbicides can be included in the compositions of the invention other than the glyphosate and auxin herbicides, it is preferred that the glyphosate and the auxin herbicides are the only herbicides in the composition.

Definitions

The terms “hydrocarbon” and “hydrocarbyl” as used herein describe organic compounds or radicals consisting exclusively of the elements carbon and hydrogen. These moieties include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl moieties. These moieties also include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl moieties substituted with other aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon groups, such as alkaryl, alkenaryl and alkynaryl. Unless otherwise indicated, these moieties preferably comprise 1 to 30 carbon atoms.

The term “hydrocarbylene” as used herein describes radicals joined at two ends thereof to other radicals in an organic compound, and which consist exclusively of the elements carbon and hydrogen. These moieties include alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, and arylene moieties. These moieties also include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl moieties substituted with other aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon groups, such as alkaryl, alkenaryl and alkynaryl. Unless otherwise indicated, these moieties preferably comprise 1 to 30 carbon atoms.

The “substituted hydrocarbyl” moieties described herein are hydrocarbyl moieties which are substituted with at least one atom other than carbon, including moieties in which a carbon chain atom is substituted with a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorous, boron, sulfur, or a halogen atom. These substituents include halogen, heterocyclo, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aryloxy, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, ketal, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino, amido, cyano, thiol, acetal, sulfoxide, ester, thioester, ether, thioether, hydroxyalkyl, urea, guanidine, amidine, phosphate, amine oxide, and quaternary ammonium salt.

The “substituted hydrocarbylene” moieties described herein are hydrocarbylene moieties which are substituted with at least one atom other than carbon, including moieties in which a carbon chain atom is substituted with a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorous, boron, sulfur, or a halogen atom. These substituents include halogen, heterocyclo, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aryloxy, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, ketal, acyl, acyloxy, nitro, amino, amido, cyano, thiol, acetal, sulfoxide, ester, thioester, ether, thioether, hydroxyalkyl, urea, guanidine, amidine, phosphate, amine oxide, and quaternary ammonium salt.

Unless otherwise indicated, the alkyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkyl containing from one to 18 carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 30 carbon atoms. They may be straight or branched chain or cyclic and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and the like.

Unless otherwise indicated, the alkenyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkenyl containing from two to 18 carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 30 carbon atoms. They may be straight or branched chain or cyclic and include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, hexenyl, and the like.

Unless otherwise indicated, the alkynyl groups described herein are preferably lower alkynyl containing from two to 18 carbon atoms in the principal chain and up to 30 carbon atoms. They may be straight or branched chain and include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, isobutynyl, hexynyl, and the like.

The terms “aryl” as used herein alone or as part of another group denote optionally substituted homocyclic aromatic groups, preferably monocyclic or bicyclic groups containing from 6 to 12 carbons in the ring portion, such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, substituted phenyl, substituted biphenyl or substituted naphthyl. Phenyl and substituted phenyl are the more preferred aryl.

The term “aralkyl” as used herein denotes a group containing both alkyl and aryl structures such as benzyl.

As used herein, the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and aralkyl groups can be substituted with at least one atom other than carbon, including moieties in which a carbon chain atom is substituted with a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorous, boron, sulfur, or a halogen atom. These substituents include hydroxy, nitro, amino, amido, nitro, cyano, sulfoxide, thiol, thioester, thioether, ester and ether, or any other substituent which can increase the compatibility of the surfactant and/or its efficacy enhancement in the potassium glyphosate formulation without adversely affecting the storage stability of the formulation.

The terms “halogen” or “halo” as used herein alone or as part of another group refer to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. Fluorine substituents are often preferred in surfactant compounds.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “hydroxyalkyl” includes alkyl groups substituted with at least one hydroxy group, and includes bis(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl, tris(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl and poly(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl groups. Preferred hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl (—CH₂OH), and hydroxyethyl (—C₂H₄OH), bis(hydroxymethyl)methyl (—CH(CH₂OH)₂), and tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl (—C(CH₂OH)₃).

The term “cyclic” as used herein alone or as part of another group denotes a group having at least one closed ring, and includes alicyclic, aromatic (arene) and heterocyclic groups.

The terms “heterocyclo” or “heterocyclic” as used herein alone or as part of another group denote optionally substituted, fully saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic, aromatic or nonaromatic groups having at least one heteroatom in at least one ring, and preferably 5 or 6 atoms in each ring. The heterocyclo group preferably has 1 or 2 oxygen atoms, 1 or 2 sulfur atoms, and/or 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms in the ring, and may be bonded to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Exemplary heterocyclo include heteroaromatics such as furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl and the like, and non-aromatic heterocyclics such as tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidino, etc. Exemplary substituents include one or more of the following groups: hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, keto, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amido, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol, thioester, thioether, ketal, acetal, ester and ether.

The term “heteroaromatic” as used herein alone or as part of another group denote optionally substituted aromatic groups having at least one heteroatom in at least one ring, and preferably 5 or 6 atoms in each ring. The heteroaromatic group preferably has 1 or 2 oxygen atoms, 1 or 2 sulfur atoms, and/or 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms in the ring, and may be bonded to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Exemplary heteroaromatics include furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl and the like. Exemplary substituents include one or more of the following groups: hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, keto, hydroxy, protected hydroxy, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amido, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol, thioether, thioester, ketal, acetal, ester and ether.

The term “acyl,” as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes the moiety formed by removal of the hydroxyl group from the group —COOH of an organic carboxylic acid, e.g., RC(O)—, wherein R is R¹, R¹O—, R¹R²N—, or R¹S—, R¹ is hydrocarbyl, heterosubstituted hydrocarbyl, or heterocyclo and R² is hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl.

The term “acyloxy,” as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes an acyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (—O—), e.g., RC(O)O— wherein R is as defined in connection with the term “acyl.”

The term “pesticide” includes chemicals and microbial agents used as active ingredients of products for control of crop and lawn pests and diseases, animal ectoparasites, and other pests in public health. The term also includes plant growth regulators, pest repellents, synergists, herbicide safeners (which reduce the phytotoxicity of herbicides to crop plants) and preservatives, the delivery of which to the target may expose dermal and especially ocular tissue to the pesticide. Such exposure can arise by drift of the pesticide from the delivery means to the person performing the application of the pesticide or being present in the vicinity of an application.

When a maximum or minimum “average number” is recited herein with reference to a structural feature such as oxyethylene units or glucoside units, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the integer number of such units in individual molecules in a surfactant preparation typically varies over a range that can include integer numbers greater than the maximum or smaller than the minimum “average number”. The presence in a composition of individual surfactant molecules having an integer number of such units outside the stated range in “average number” does not remove the composition from the scope of the present invention, so long as the “average number” is within the stated range and other requirements are met.

By “storage-stable,” in the context of an aqueous concentrate composition of glyphosate salt further containing a surfactant and auxin herbicide, is meant not exhibiting phase separation on exposure to temperatures up to about 50° C., and preferably not forming crystals of glyphosate or salt thereof on exposure to a temperature of about 0° C. for a period of up to about 7 days (i.e., the composition must have a crystallization point of 0° C. or lower). For aqueous solution concentrates, high temperature storage stability is often indicated by a cloud point of about 50° C. or more. Cloud point of a composition is normally determined by heating the composition until the solution becomes cloudy, and then allowing the composition to cool, with agitation, while its temperature is continuously monitored. A temperature reading taken when the solution clears is a measure of cloud point. A cloud point of 50° C. or more is normally considered acceptable for most commercial purposes for a glyphosate SL formulation. Ideally the cloud point should be 60° C. or more, and the composition should withstand temperatures as low as about −10° C., preferably as low as about −20° C., more preferably as low as about −30 C, for up to about 7 days without phase separation (i.e., without separation of frozen water or solid insoluble surfactant from the composition) and without crystal growth (even in the presence of seed crystals of the glyphosate salt).

Herbicidal effectiveness is one of the biological effects that can be enhanced through this invention. “Herbicidal effectiveness,” as used herein, refers to any observable measure of control of plant growth, which can include one or more of the actions of (1) killing, (2) inhibiting growth, reproduction or proliferation, and (3) removing, destroying, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of plants. The herbicidal effectiveness data set forth herein report “control” as a percentage following a standard procedure in the art which reflects a visual assessment of plant mortality and growth reduction by comparison with untreated plants, made by technicians specially trained to make and record such observations. In all cases, a single technician makes all assessments of percent control within any one experiment or trial. Such measurements are relied upon and regularly reported by Monsanto Company in the course of its herbicide business.

EXAMPLES

The spray compositions of the following examples contain an exogenous chemical, such as glyphosate salt as indicated, in addition to the excipient ingredients listed. The amount of exogenous chemical was selected to provide the desired rate in grams per hectare (g/ha) when applied in a spray volume of 93 l/ha. Several exogenous chemical rates were applied for each composition. Thus, except where otherwise indicated, when spray compositions were tested, the concentration of exogenous chemical varied in direct proportion to exogenous chemical rate, but the concentration of excipient ingredients was held constant across different exogenous chemical rates.

In the following Examples illustrative of the invention, greenhouse and field tests were conducted to evaluate the relative herbicidal effectiveness of glyphosate compositions. Standard compositions included for comparative purposes include the following:

-   -   STD1: 725 g/l of glyphosate potassium salt in aqueous solution         with no added surfactant.     -   STD2: 50% by weight of glyphosate IPA salt in aqueous solution         together with a surfactant. This formulation is sold by Monsanto         Company under the ROUNDUP ULTRAMAX® trademark.     -   STD3: 570 g/l of glyphosate IPA salt in an aqueous solution with         no added surfactant.

Various excipients were used in compositions of the examples. They may be identified as follows.

Cationic Surfactants:

CIS1 Witcamine Ethoxylated (10.5) tallowamine TAM105 CIS2 3151 blend 55% Ethoxylated (10.5) tallowamine and 45% Ethoxylated (2) cocoamine CIS3 Surfonic T-15 PEG 15 tallow amine CIS4 Witcamine 302 PEG 2 cocoamine CIS5 Witcamine 305 PEG 5 cocoamine CIS6 Formulation E1 of C₁₂₋₁₄ alkoxylated (1 PO) propylamine Reissue (5EO) ethoxylate Patent No. RE 37,866 CIS7 Armeen C coco (C₁₂-C₁₈ unsaturated) primary amine CIS8 Ethoquad T25 tallow ethoxylate (15EO) quaternary ammonium chloride CIS9 MON 0818 polyoxyethylene tallowamine CIS10 C₁₈NMe(EO)7.5H CIS11 7164 blend 54% 4.5EO tallowamine ethoxylate, 23% 10 EO tallowamine ethoxylate, and 23% dipropylene glycol CIS12 Witcamine 4.5 EO tallowamine ethoxylate TAM 45 CIS13 Argued T-50PG tallowtrimethylammonium chloride in propylene glycol CIS14 Argued SV-60PG soyaalkyltrimethyl ammonium chloride CIS15 Tomah E-17-5 poly(5)oxyethylene isodecyl oxypropylamine

Nonionic Surfactants:

NIS1 Hetoxol CS20 C₁₆₋₁₈ alcohol ethoxylate (20EO) NIS2 Agrimul PG 2067 Alkylpolyglucoside (Cognis) NIS3 C₁₆₋₁₈ alcohol ethoxylate (20EO) NIS4 Witconol IS 100 PEG 10EO iso C₁₈ alcohol NIS5 Silwet L-77 silicone-polyether copolymer NIS6 Brij 56 stearyl alcohol ethoxylate (10EO) NIS7 ADMOX SC1485 myristyl dimethyl amine oxide NIS8 20 EO linear C₁₆₋₁₈ alcohol ethoxylate NIS9 Emulgin L cetereth propoxylate (2PO) ethoxylate (9EO) NIS10 alkoxylated alcohol NIS11 alkoxylated alcohol

Other Components:

OTH1 Di-ammonium Oxalate OTH2 Propylene Glycol OTH3 Oxalic Acid OTH4 Sodium Sulfite OTH5 Agnique DF6889 Silicone dispersion antifoam OTH6 octyl amine OTH7 tetrahydrofuryl alcohol OTH8 Isopar L paraffinic oil OTH9 dipropylene glycol OTH10 diethylene glycol OTH11 NaCl OTH12 KOH OTH13 glycerin OTH14 phosphoric acid OTH15 dimethyl amine OTH16 N-decyl amine OTH17 diethyl amine OTH18 isopropyl alcohol

The following greenhouse testing procedure was used for evaluating compositions of the Examples to determine herbicidal effectiveness, except where otherwise indicated.

Seeds of the plant species indicated were planted in 88 mm square pots in a soil mix which was previously sterilized and prefertilized with a 14-14-14 NPK slow release fertilizer at a rate of 3.6 kg/m³. The pots were placed in a greenhouse with sub-irrigation. About one week after emergence, seedlings were thinned as needed, including removal of any unhealthy or abnormal plants, to create a uniform series of test pots.

The plants were maintained for the duration of the test in the greenhouse where they received a minimum of 14 hours of light per day. If natural light was insufficient to achieve the daily requirement, artificial light with an intensity of approximately 475 microeinsteins was used to make up the difference. Exposure temperatures were not precisely controlled but averaged about 29 C during the day and about 21 C during the night. Plants were sub-irrigated throughout the test to ensure adequate soil moisture levels.

Pots were assigned to different treatments in a fully randomized experimental design with 6 replications. A set of pots was left untreated as a reference against which the effects of a treatment could later be evaluated.

Application of glyphosate compositions was made by spraying with a track sprayer fitted with a 9501E tapered flat fan spray tip calibrated to deliver a spray volume of 93 liters per hectare (l/ha) at a pressure of 165 kilopascals (kPa). After treatment, pots were returned to the greenhouse until ready for evaluation.

Treatments were made using dilute aqueous compositions. These could be prepared as spray compositions directly from their ingredients, or by dilution with water of preformulated concentrate compositions.

For evaluation of herbicidal effectiveness, all plants in the test were examined by a single practiced technician, who recorded percent control, a visual measurement of the effectiveness of each treatment by comparison with untreated plants. Control of 0% indicates no effect, and control of 100% indicates that all of the plants are completely dead. The reported % control values represent the average for all replicates of each treatment.

Example 1

The effect of glyphosate, 2,4-D, combinations of 2,4-D and glyphosate and combinations of all of the above with oxalic acid on velvetleaf was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, reported in g a.e./liter, and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 1a. The 806D0T, 806E7S, 806F4Q and 806G3B formulations contained 62 grams acid equivalent per liter. Formulations 806A2D, 806B9H, 806C5Z, 806F4Q and 806G3B contained the IPA salt of 2,4-D measured in grams acid equivalent per liter.

TABLE 1a Comp. Gly. 2,4-D Cmpnt. 2 wt % Cmpnt. 3 wt % Cmpnt. 4 wt % 806A2D — 60.0 — — — — — — 806B9H — 60.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.0 — — 806C5Z — 60.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.0 OTH3 0.30 806D0T K — CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.0 — — 806E7S K — CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.0 OTH3 0.30 806F4Q K  2.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.0 — 0.75 806G3B K  2.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.0 OTH3 0.30 765K4S K — CIS5 9.0  NIS4 4.0 CIS7 1.0 

The compositions of Table 1a and comparative compositions STD1 and STD2, were applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH) plants. Results, averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 1b.

TABLE 1b Glyphosate Application Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) ABUTH % inhibition 806A2D 100, 200, 300, 400 59.2, 75.8, 77.5, 80.0 806B9H 100, 200, 300, 400 66.7, 75.0, 80.0, 80.0 806C5Z 100, 200, 300, 400 75.0, 78.3, 80.0, 82.5 806D0T 100, 200, 300, 400 24.2, 59.2, 85.0, 88.3 806E7S 100, 200, 300, 400 77.5, 87.5, 96.0, 98.0 806F4Q 100, 200, 300, 400 25.0, 75.0, 80.8, 86.7 806G3B 100, 200, 300, 400 68.3, 89.2, 95.5, 97.3 765K4S 100, 200, 300, 400 16.7, 63.3, 85.0, 90.0 STD1 100, 200, 300, 400 0.0, 1.7, 44.2, 77.5 STD2 100, 200, 300, 400 13.3, 81.7, 90.0, 95.0

The order of efficacy for ABUTH % inhibition was 806E7S>806G3B>806C5Z>806B9H>806A2D>STD2>806F4Q>806D0T>765K4S>STD1.

Example 2

The effect of combinations of potassium glyphosate and 2,4-D with or without oxalic acid on velvetleaf was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, reported in g a.e./liter, and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 2a. The 820A9T, 820C1Z, 820D6Q, 820E3F, 820F0G and 820H7D formulations contained 62 grams acid equivalent per liter. Formulation 820B4H contained the IPA salt of 2,4-D measured in grams acid equivalent per liter.

TABLE 2a Comp. Gly. 2,4-D Cmpnt. 2 wt % Cmpnt. 4 wt % Cmpnt. 4 wt % 820A9T K — CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 — — 820B4H — 60.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 — — 820C1Z K  2.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 OTH3 0.30 820D6Q K  2.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 — — 820E3F K  6.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 OTH3 0.30 820F0G K  6.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 — — 820G5J K  4.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 OTH3 0.60 820H7D K  6.0 CIS6 0.75 NIS2 1.00 OTH3 0.60

The compositions of Table 2a and comparative compositions STD1 and STD2 were applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH) plants. Results at 4 days after treatment (4DAT) and 14 days after treatment (14DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 2b.

TABLE 2b Glyphosate Application Rate (g ABUTH % inhibition ABUTH % inhibition Comp. a.e./ha) (4DAT) (14DAT) 820A9T 150, 250, 400, 800 5.0, 5.0, 10.0, 10.0 40.8, 75.0, 84.2, 93.8 820B4H 150, 250, 400, 800 20.0, 25.0, 35.0, 40.0 66.7, 76.7, 80.8, 81.7 820C1Z 150, 250, 400, 800 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 10.0 79.2, 85.0, 95.0, 99.2 820D6Q 150, 250, 400, 800 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 10.0 25.8, 76.7, 85.0, 91.7 820E3F 150, 250, 400, 800 5.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 78.3, 80.8, 90.5, 97.3 820F0G 150, 250, 400, 800 5.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 22.5, 65.0, 83.3, 94.8 820G5J 150, 250, 400, 800 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0 79.2, 85.0, 93.8, 100.0 820H7D 150, 250, 400, 800 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0 79.2, 85.0, 96.2, 99.3 STD1 150, 250, 400, 800 0.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0 0.0, 26.7, 70.8, 84.2 STD2 150, 250, 400, 800 5.0, 5.0, 10.0, 10.0 70.0, 85.0, 90.0, 98.7

The order of efficacy for ABUTH % inhibition was 820H7D>820C1Z>820G5J>820E3F>STD2>820B4H>820A9T>765K4S>820D6Q>820F0G>STD1.

Example 3

The effect of tank mixtures of NH₄-oxalate with glyphosate package premix formulations of RT Master™ and Field Master™ on velvetleaf and barnyardgrass was tested. Aqueous tank mix compositions were prepared containing Roundup® UltraMax, RT Master™ and Field Master™ along with NH₄-oxalate at three glyphosate a.e.:oxalate ratios (2:1, 10:1 and 30:1) these compositions and excipient ingredients are shown in Table 3a.

TABLE 3a Glyphosate 2,4-D Gly:Oxalic Composition (g a.e./L) (g a.e./L) Acid Ratio UltraMax 21 445 —  2:1 UltraMax 101 445 — 10:1 UltraMax 301 445 — 30:1 RT Master 21 360 38.6  2:1 RT Master 101 360 38.6 10:1 RT Master 301 360 38.6 30:1 Field Master 21 68 —  2:1 Field Master 101 68 — 10:1 Field Master 301 68 — 30:1

The compositions of Table 3a and comparative compositions STD1, STD2, RT Master™ and Field Master™ were applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH) and Japanese millet (Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentae, ECHCF) plants. Results at 5 days after treatment (5DAT) and 16 days after treatment (16DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 3b.

TABLE 3b Glyphosate ABUTH ABUTH ECHCF ECHCF App. Rate % inhibition % inhibition % inhibition % inhibition Composition (g a.e./ha) (5DAT) (16DAT) (5DAT) (16DAT) UltraMax 21 75, 100, 0.0, 0.0, 78.3, 88.3, 0.0, 0.0, 61.7, 80.8, 200 0.0 97.5 0.0 94.8 UltraMax 101 75, 100, 0.0, 0.0, 70.8, 85.8, 0.0, 0.0, 61.7, 79.2, 200 0.0 97.8 0.0 97.5 UltraMax 301 75, 100, 0.0, 0.0, 65.8, 80.8, 0.0, 0.0, 55.0, 80.8, 200 0.0 96.0 0.0 92.8 RT Master 21 75, 100, 0.0, 2.5, 75.0, 83.3, 0.0, 0.0, 65.0, 85.0, 200 5.0 94.7 0.0 96.2 RT Master 101 75, 100, 0.0, 3.3, 66.7, 77.5, 0.0, 0.0, 63.3, 82.5, 200 5.0 91.7 0.0 94.8 RT Master 301 75, 100, 0.0, 4.2, 54.2, 75.8, 0.0, 0.0, 60.0, 80.8, 200 5.0 90.0 0.0 93.5 Field Master 21 75, 100, 3.3, 13.3, 76.7, 88.3, 0.0, 7.5, 48.3, 60.0, 200 32.5 90.5 16.7 61.7 Field Master 101 75, 100, 2.5, 10.8, 65.0, 76.7, 0.0, 4.2, 35.0, 52.5, 200 26.7 80.0 11.7 54.2 Field Master 301 75, 100, 1.7, 6.7, 48.3, 74.2, 0.0, 1.7, 20.8, 47.5, 200 16.7 79.2 9.2 50.0 RT Master ^(TM) 75, 100, 2.5, 4.2, 47.5, 61.7, 0.0, 0.0, 55.0, 78.3, 200 5.0 77.5 0.0 91.2 Field Master ^(TM) 75, 100, 4.2, 16.7, 40.8, 54.2, 0.0, 8.3, 27.5, 49.2, 200 48.3 84.8 23.3 50.0 STD1 75, 100, 0.0, 0.0, 6.7, 45.8, 0.0, 0.0, 3.3, 30.0, 200 0.0 64.2 0.0 49.2 STD2 75, 100, 0.0, 0.0, 40.8, 75.8, 0.0, 0.0, 58.3, 77.5, 200 0.0 86.3 0.0 91.5

The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for the ABUTH % inhibition was UltraMax 21>Field Master 21>UltraMax 101>RT Master 21>UltraMax 301>RT Master 101>Field Master 101>RT Master 301>STD2>Field Master 301>RT Master>Field Master>STD1. The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for ECHF % inhibition was RT Master 21>RT Master 101>UltraMax 101>UltraMax 21>RT Master 301>UltraMax 301>STD 3>RT Master>Field Master 21>Field Master 101>Field Master>Field Master 301>STD1. The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for both ABUTH and ECHCF combined was UltraMax 21>RT Master 21>UltraMax 101>RT Master 101>UltraMax 301>RT Master 301>STD2>Field Master 21>RT Master>Field Master 101>Field Master 301>Field Master>STD1.

Example 4

The effect of tank mixtures of NH₄-oxalate with glyphosate premix formulations of Roundup® RTU and Fallow Master® on velvetleaf and barnyardgrass was tested. Aqueous tank mix compositions were prepared containing Roundup® UltraMax, Roundup® RTU and Fallow Master® along with NH₄-oxalate at three glyphosate a.e.:oxalate ratios (2:1, 10:1 and 30:1) these compositions and excipient ingredients are shown in Table 4a.

TABLE 4a Component 2 Gly:Oxalic Composition Gly. (g a.e./L) Acid Ratio UltraMax 21 445 gae/L —  2:1 UltraMax 101 445 gae/L — 10:1 UltraMax 301 445 gae/L — 30:1 RTU 21 1.9 wt % ae (diquat)  2:1 RTU 101 1.9 wt % ae (diquat) 10:1 RTU 301 1.9 wt % ae (diquat) 30:1 Fallow Master ® 21 197 gae/L 46 (dicamba)  2:1 Fallow Master 101 197 gae/L 46 (dicamba) 10:1 Fallow Master 301 197 gae/L 46 (dicamba) 30:1

The compositions of Table 4a and comparative compositions Roundup® RTU, Fallow Master®, STD1 and STD2 were applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH) and Japanese millet (Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentae, ECHCF) plants. Results at 14 days after treatment (14DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 4b.

TABLE 4b Glyphosate Application Rate (g ABUTH % inhibition ECHCF % inhibition Composition a.e./ha) (14DAT) (14DAT) UltraMax 21 75, 100, 200 51.7, 80.0, 90.0 67.5, 68.3, 75.8 UltraMax 75, 100, 200 51.7, 76.7, 85.8 64.2, 68.3, 73.3 101 UltraMax 75, 100, 200 46.7, 67.5, 85.0 60.0, 68.3, 71.7 301 RTU 21 75, 100, 200 23.3, 27.5, 38.3 1.7, 6.7, 56.7 RTU 101 75, 100, 200 5.0, 10.0, 38.3 0.8, 7.5, 50.0 RTU 301 75, 100, 200 4.2, 10.0, 32.5 4.2, 17.5, 63.3 Fallow 75, 100, 200 68.3, 78.3, 87.5 65.0, 67.5, 89.7 Master ® 21 Fallow 75, 100, 200 66.7, 81.7, 85.0 65.8, 67.5, 90.0 Master 101 Fallow 75, 100, 200 66.7, 78.3, 85.8 65.0, 70.8, 91.8 Master 301 Roundup 75, 100, 200 5.8, 16.7, 35.0 5.8, 21.7, 61.7 RTU Fallow 75, 100, 200 60.0, 70.0, 84.2 64.2, 66.7, 81.7 Master STD1 75, 100, 200 3.3, 7.5, 31.7 20.8, 40.8, 59.2 STD2 75, 100, 200 10.8, 40.0, 76.7 64.2, 65.0, 72.5

The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for the ABUTH % inhibition was FallowMaster 21>FallowMaster 101>FallowMaster 301>UltraMax 21>UltraMax 101>FallowMaster>UltraMax 301>STD2>RTU 21>Roundup RTU>RTU 101>STU 301>STD1. The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for ECHF % inhibition was FallowMaster 301>FallowMaster 101>FallowMaster 21>FallowMaster>UltraMax 21>UltraMax 101>STD 3>UltraMax 301>STD1>Roundup RTU>RTU 301>RTU 21>RTU 101. The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for both ABUTH and ECHCF combined was FallowMaster 301>FallowMaster 101>FallowMaster 21>UltraMax 21>FallowMaster>UltraMax 101>UltraMax 301>STD2>STD1>RTU 21>Roundup RTU>RTU 301>RTU 101.

Example 5

The effect of combinations of potassium glyphosate and 2,4-D and isopropylamine glyphosate on pitted morningglory (IPOLA) and cocklebur (XANST) was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing 360 g a.e./L potassium glyphosate salt, amounts of 2,4-D are reported in wt % a.e. and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 5a.

TABLE 5a Comp. Gly. 2,4-D Cmpnt. 2 wt % Cmpnt. 3 wt % 100B2T K 1.60 CIS6 9.2 — — 085A9K K 1.60 CIS6 9.1 — — 501A0X K 1.66 CIS2 9.2 — — 501B4S K 1.82 CIS2 9.1 — — 047B7Z K 3.13 CIS6 9.2 OTH6 2.16 059A3D K 3.13 CIS2 9.2 OTH6 2.20

The compositions of Table 5a and comparative composition RT Master™ were applied to pitted morningglory (IPOLA) and cocklebur (XANST) plants. Results at 10 days after treatment (10DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 5b.

TABLE 5b Glyphosate Application Rate (g XANST % inhibition IPOLA % inhibition Composition a.e./ha) (10DAT) (10DAT) 100B2T 100, 200, 300, 400 38.8, 68.8, 73.8, 70.0 60.0, 76.3, 81.3, 93.8 085A9K 100, 200, 300, 400 42.5, 65.0, 83.8, 83.8 60.0, 77.5, 78.8, 83.8 501A0X 100, 200, 300, 400 56.3, 71.3, 82.5, 91.3 65.0, 78.8, 82.5, 85.0 501B4S 100, 200, 300, 400 58.8, 65.0, 76.3, 85.0 62.5, 83.8, 80.0, 91.3 047B7Z 100, 200, 300, 400 58.8, 73.8, 87.5, 97.5 86.3, 86.3, 90.0, 93.8 059A3D 100, 200, 300, 400 70.8, 79.5, 88.0, 90.0 72.5, 88.8, 87.5, 97.5 RT Master ^(TM) 100, 200, 300, 400 53.8, 69.5, 78.5, 83.3 75.0, 83.8, 92.5, 88.8

The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for the XANST % inhibition was 059A3D>047B7Z>501A0X>501B4S>RT Master™>085A9K>100B2T. The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for IPOLA % inhibition was 047B7Z>059A3D>RT Master™>501B4S>100B2T>501A0X>085A9K. The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for both XANST and IPOLA combined was 059A3D>047B7Z>RT Master™>501A0X>501B4S>085A9K>100B2T.

Example 6

The effect of combinations of potassium glyphosate and 2,4-D and isopropylamine glyphosate on pitted morningglory (IPOLA) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing 480 g a.e./L potassium glyphosate salt, 2,4-D reported in wt % a.e, and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 6a.

TABLE 6a Comp. Gly. 2,4-D Cmpnt. 2 wt % 506A2T K 0.72 CIS2 7.25 506B9Z K 0.71 CIS2 7.25 510A4H K 0.60 CIS6 7.60 510B8V K 0.60 CIS6 7.60 508A1B K 0.72 CIS2 7.60 508B0G K 0.72 CIS2 7.60 503B5P K 0.66 CIS6 9.10 504A3L K 0.65 CIS6 9.10 504B2I K 0.74 CIS2 9.10 505A6S K 0.72 CIS2 9.10

The compositions of Table 6a and comparative compositions RT Master™ and STD2 were applied to pitted morningglory (IPOLA). Results at 5 days after treatment (5DAT) and 12 days after treatment (12DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 6b.

TABLE 6b Glyphosate IPOLA IPOLA IPOLA XANST App. Rate (g % inhibition % inhibition % inhibition % inhibition Comp. a.e./ha) (5DAT) (11DAT) (12DAT) (11DAT) 506A2T 100, 200, 400 30.0, 67.5, 25.0, 72.5, 30.0, 75.0, 60.0, 71.3, 75.0 81.7 90.0 86.3 506B9Z 100, 200, 400 33.8, 47.5, 66.3, 72.5, 33.8, 71.3, 65.0, 77.5, 80.0 86.7 90.0 81.3 510A4H 100, 200, 400 61.3, 58.8, 22.5, 72.5, 58.8, 73.8, 55.0, 77.5, 85.0 80.0 92.5 78.8 510B8V 100, 200, 400 41.3, 65.0, 30.0, 67.5, 45.0, 77.5, 45.0, 60.0, 78.8 83.4 90.5 92.5 508A1B 100, 200, 400 35.0, 77.5, 56.3, 78.8, 42.5, 85.0, 60.0, 63.8, 80.0 86.7 90.0 95.7 508B0G 100, 200, 400  2.5, 70.0, 57.5, 73.8,  2.5, 80.0, 61.3, 78.8, 75.0 78.4 90.0 95.0 503B5P 100, 200, 400 30.0, 52.5, 41.3, 67.5, 42.5, 70.0, 55.0, 75.0, 75.0 86.0 90.0 82.5 504A3L 100, 200, 400 31.3, 71.3, 56.3, 67.5, 28.8, 78.8, 57.5, 76.3, 80.0 90.0 91.3 88.8 504B2I 100, 200, 400 26.3, 43.8, 47.5, 78.8, 41.3, 63.8, 61.3, 78.8, 73.8 90.0 82.5 91.3 505A6S 100, 200, 400 28.8, 62.5, 58.8, 71.3, 35.0, 75.0, 63.8, 76.3, 80.0 88.4 88.8 81.3 RT 100, 200, 400 72.5, 85.0, 63.8, 87.5, 77.5, 96.3, 70.0, 76.3, Master 85.0 93.4 98.0 92.0 STD2 100, 200, 400 36.3, 36.3, 23.8, 62.5, 23.8, 50.0, 45.0, 70.0, 41.3 78.4 67.5 97.5

The order of efficacy averaged across application rates for the IPOLA % inhibition averaged over both 5 and 12 days after treatment was RT Master>510A4H>508A1B>510B8V>504A3L>505A6S>506A2T>503B5P>506B9Z>504B2I>508B0G>STD2. The order of efficacy for the XANST % inhibition was RT Master>508A1B>504B2I>506B9Z>504A3L>505A6S>506A2T>508B0G>503B5P>STD2>510A4H>510B8V.

Example 7

The effect of 128A5X and composition 139H2K on zebrina pendula (ZEBPE) plants to determine the appropriate rates for commercial control was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the indicated amount of glyphosate salt measured in g a.e./L and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 7a.

TABLE 7a Comp. Gly. 2,4-D Cmpnt. 1 wt % 139H2K IPA (570) — NIS5 0.05 128A5X MEA (480) — CIS6 9.6

The compositions of Table 7a and comparative composition 128A5X were applied to Zebrina pendula (ZEBPE). Results at 29 days after treatment (29DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 7b.

TABLE 7b Glyphosate Application ZEBPE % Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) inhibition (29DAT) 139H2K 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 53.3, 72.7, 87.0, 84.3, 91.7, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 90.0, 89.3, 93.3 128A5X 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 43.3, 45.0, 41.7, 48.3, 72.7, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 79.0, 81.7, 85.0

From the data, application rates of 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 g a.e./ha were used for the next set of experiments on Zebrina pendula (ZEBPE).

Example 8

The effect of glyphosate compositions on Zebrina pendula (ZEBPE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in g a.e./L and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 8a.

TABLE 8a Comp. Gly. Cmpnt 1 wt % Cmpnt 2 wt % Cmpnt 3 wt % Compnt 4/5 wt % 553I3Z IPA CIS8  9.6 NIS6 6.4 NIS7 1.0 OTH7/ 1.5/1.0 (360) OTH8  239K5X K CIS15 9.2 — — — — — — (480) 128A5X MEA CIS6  9.6 — — — — — — (480)

The compositions of Table 8a and comparative composition 128A5X were applied to Zebrina pendula (ZEBPE). Results at 28 days after treatment (28DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 8b.

TABLE 8b Glyphosate Application Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) ZEBPE % inhibition (28DAT) 553I3Z 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 73.8, 89.5, 88.0, 91.3 239K5X 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 67.5, 82.8, 86.0, 86.0 128A5X 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 82.0, 86.3, 86.5, 88.5

The most active composition was 128A5X.

Example 9

The effect of glyphosate compositions on Zebrina pendula (ZEBPE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 9a.

TABLE 9a Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Comp. Gly. 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 128A5X MEA CIS6  9.6 — — — — — — (38.2) 128B1T MEA CIS6  9.6 OTH3 3.82 — — — — (38.2) 318A9H K CIS1  7.4 NIS9 4.9 OTH9 6.5 — — (36.9) 318B2V K CIS1  7.4 NIS9 4.9 OTH9 6.5 OTH3  3.7 (36.9) 265A4C K CIS10 126 — — — — — — (31) g/L 265B0E K CIS10 126 OTH3 3.1 — — — — (31) g/L 683A7T Amm CIS1  9.5 NIS8 11.6 OTH4 0.4 OTH18 0.1 (68)

The compositions of Table 9a and comparative composition 128A5X were applied to Zebrina pendula (ZEBPE). Results at 27 days after treatment (27DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 9b.

TABLE 9b Glyphosate Application Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) ZEBPE % inhibition (27DAT) 128M1T 2000, 3500, 5000, 6500 70.5, 82.8, 84.3, 91.3 318A9H 2000, 3500, 5000, 6500 73.0, 75.0, 82.8, 92.3 318B2V 2000, 3500, 5000, 6500 78.3, 79.3, 83.8, 88.5 265A4C 2000, 3500, 5000, 6500 81.8, 85.5, 84.3, 93.5 265B0E 2000, 3500, 5000, 6500 67.5, 75.0, 75.5, 77.5 683A7T 2000, 3500, 5000, 6500 76.3, 83.8, 84.0, 90.8 128A5X 2000, 3500, 5000, 6500 73.5, 82.5, 84.3, 87.0

The most active composition was 265A4C. 265B0E showed lower rates of control with added oxalic acid. There were compatibility problems between oxalic acid and the other ingredients in 265B0E and 318B2V.

Example 10

The effect of glyphosate compositions on commelina benghalensis (COMBE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 10a.

TABLE 10a Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Comp. Gly. 1 % 2 % 3 % 4/5 % 128A5X MEA CIS 9.6 — — — — — — (38.2) 11 633F3J Amm CIS3 9.5 NIS3 11.6 OTH17 0.4 OTH18 0.1 (68) 483H8Q Amm CIS 5.7 NIS1  8.0 OTH1  8.3 OTH4/ 0.4/ (68) 11 OTH5 0.1 050A6B K CIS 0.8 — — — — — — (30) 12

The compositions of Table 10a and comparative composition 128A5X were applied to commelina (COMBE). Results at 33 days after treatment (33DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 10b.

TABLE 10b Glyphosate Application COMBE % inhibition Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) (33DAT) 128A5X 600, 800, 1000, 1200 34.0, 50.0, 58.0, 63.0 633F3J 600, 800, 1000, 1200 29.0, 59.0, 62.0, 59.0 483H8Q 600, 800, 1000, 1200 27.0, 48.0, 52.0, 56.0 050A6B 600, 800, 1000, 1200 54.0, 65.0, 68.0, 72.0

The most active composition was 050A6B.

Example 11

The effect of glyphosate compositions on commelina benghalensis (COMBE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 11a.

TABLE 11a Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Comp. Gly. 1 % 2 % 3 % 4/5 % 128A5X MEA CIS6 9.6 — — — — — — (38.2) 483H8Q Amm  CIS11 5.7 NIS1 8.0 OTH1 8.3 OTH4/ 0.4/ (68) OTH5 0.1 633F3J Amm  CIS11 9.5 NIS3 11.6 OTH4 0.4 OTH5 0.1 (68) 634T9P Amm CIS1 11.0 NIS8 13.4 OTH4 0.4 OTH5 0.1 (65) 765K4S K CIS5 9.0 NIS4 4.0 CIS7 1.0 — — (36.3)

The compositions of Table 11 a and comparative composition 128A5X were applied to commelina (COMBE). Results at 20 days after treatment (20DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 11b.

TABLE 11b Glyphosate Application COMBE % inhibition Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) (20DAT) 128A5X 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 60.0, 75.0, 65.0, 83.8 483H8Q 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 26.3, 61.3, 53.8, 72.5 633F3J 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 35.0, 61.3, 72.5, 72.5 634T9P 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 41.3, 70.0, 80.0, 81.3 765K4S 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 52.5, 75.0, 74.3, 79.5

The most active composition was 128A5X.

Example 12

The effect of glyphosate compositions on commelina benghalensis (COMBE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 12a.

TABLE 12a Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Comp. Gly. 1 % 2 % 3 % 4/5 % 128A5X MEA CIS6 9.6 — — — — — — (38.2) 553I3Z IPA CIS8 9.6 NIS6 6.4 NIS7 1.0 OTH7/ 1.5/ (360) OTH8 1.0 483H8Q Amm  CIS11 5.7 NIS1 8.0 OTH1 8.3 OTH4/ 0.4/ (68) OTH5 0.1 633F3J Amm CIS3 9.5 NIS3 11.6 OTH4 0.4 OTH5 0.1 (68) 634T9P Amm CIS1 11.0 NIS8 13.4 OTH4 0.4 OTH5 0.1 (65) 765K4S K CIS5 9.0 NIS4 4.0 CIS7 1.0 — — (36.3) 239K5X K  CIS15 9.2 — — — — — — (480)

The compositions of Table 12a were applied to commelina (COMBE). Results at 22 days after treatment (22DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 12b.

TABLE 12b Glyphosate Application COMBE % inhibition Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) (22DAT) 128A5X 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 72.5, 73.3, 83.8, 80.8 553I3Z 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 75.5, 75.8, 87.2, 88.3 483H8Q 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 70.0, 75.8, 79.2, 84.2 633F3J 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 69.2, 74.2, 74.7, 71.7 634T9P 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 70.8, 74.2, 79.5, 80.0 765K4S 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 75.0, 70.0, 75.3, 79.2 239K5X 800, 1100, 1400, 1700 70.5, 77.5, 83.3, 80.0

Formulation 553I3Z was the most effective composition for commelina.

Example 13

The effect of glyphosate compositions on commelina benghalensis (COMBE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 13a.

TABLE 13a Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Comp. Gly. 1 % 2 % 3 % 4/5 % 128A5X MEA CIS6  9.6 — — — — — — (38.2) 481Z7Y K carfen- 0.18 — — — — — — (35.5) trazone 633F3J Amm CIS3  9.5 NIS3 11.6 OTH4 0.4 OTH5 0.1 (68) 634T9P Amm CIS1  11.0 NIS8 13.4 OTH4 0.4 OTH5 0.1 (65) 765K4S K CIS5  9.0 NIS4  4.0 CIS7 1.0 — — (36.3) 239K5X K CIS15 9.2 — — — — — — (480)

The compositions of Table 13a and RT Master were applied to commelina (COMBE). Results at 20 days after treatment (20DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 13b.

TABLE 13b Compo- Glyphosate Application COMBE % inhibition sition Rate (g a.e./ha) (20DAT) 128A5X 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 62.5, 69.2, 63.3, 70.5, 68.8 481Z7Y 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 79.7, 91.3, 91.7, 90.5, 97.2 633F3J 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 49.2, 64.2, 55.8, 61.7, 65.0 634T9P 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 57.5, 70.5, 55.0, 68.5, 68.3 765K4S 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 64.2, 69.2, 69.2, 77.5, 71.7 239K5X 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 65.8, 66.3, 61.7, 81.3, 69.2 RT 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 80.0, 89.2, 91.3, Master 89.3, 95.8

The most active compositions in this example were RT Master and 481Z7Y. These results indicate that a second active ingredient (2,4-D or carfentrazone) increases the activity of the composition against commelina.

Example 14

The effect of glyphosate compositions on commelina benghalensis (COMBE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 14a, as well as those shown in Table 13a.

TABLE 14a Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Comp. Gly. 1 % 2 % 3 % 4/5 % 483H8Q Amm CIS11 5.7 NIS1  8.0 OTH1 8.3 OTH4/ 0.4/ (68) OTH5 0.1 770X10 K (36.7) CIS5 7.0 NIS10 4.0 CIS4 3.0 — — 772N5D K (36.7) CIS5 7.0 NIS11 3.0 CIS4 3.0 — — 780Y40 K (40)   CIS6 8.0 NIS2  3.0 OTH3 1.0 OTH2 1.0 822B9T K (30.5) 2,4-D 1.0 CIS6 6.0 NIS2 2.5 — — 82206U IPA (36) 2,4-D 1.8 CIS6 8.0 NIS2 3.0 — —

The compositions of Tables 13a and 14a and RT Master were applied to commelina (COMBE). Results at 10 days after treatment (10DAT), 24 days after treatment (24DAT) and 41 days after treatment (41DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 14b.

TABLE 14b Glyphosate Application COMBE COMBE COMBE Compo- Rate % inhibition % inhibition % inhibition sition (g a.e./ha) (10DAT) (24DAT) (41DAT) 128A5X 800, 1100, 1.5, 1.7, 5.2, 41.7, 46.7, 77.2, 96.7, 1400, 1700, 6.0, 6.0 53.3, 44.2, 94.5, 93.0, 2000 55.0 92.0 481Z7Y 800, 1100, 84.2, 92.5, 80.8, 89.3, 15.0, 26.5, 1400, 1700, 92.5, 93.3, 91.7, 91.8, 35.0, 75.5, 2000 96.1 92.7 62.6 633F3J 800, 1100, 3.0, 1.7, 2.3, 20.0, 22.5, 51.2, 74.2, 1400, 1700, 2.3, 5.2 35.0, 34.2, 74.7, 77.7, 2000 45.0 89.7 634T9P 800, 1100, 1.5, 1.7, 5, 18.3, 21.7, 50, 91.7, 94.2, 1400, 1700, 4.3, 7.3 35.8, 33.3, 82.3, 94.6 2000 47.9 765K4S 800, 1100, 3.7, 3.0, 1.3, 17.5, 38.3, 62.5, 90.5, 1400, 1700, 3.0, 6.1 30.0, 35.0, 95.0, 96.0, 2000 43.9 97.2 483H8Q 800, 1100, 3.7, 1.7, 4.5, 26.7, 19.2, 51.7, 73.0, 1400, 1700, 1.2, 4.3 31.7, 24.2, 89.5, 90.5, 2000 31.9 96.0 770X1C 800, 1100, 0.5, 2.3, 2.8, 21.7, 24.2, 55.8, 81.7, 1400, 1700, 3.7, 7.1 37.5, 35.0, 90.5, 99.2, 2000 44.9 100.6 772N5D 800, 1100, 2.2, 1.7, 1.5, 29.2, 50.8, 73.5, 86.8, 1400, 1700, 3.8, 3.8 36.7, 39.2, 92.5, 95.5, 2000 49.2 96.8 780Y4O 800, 1100, 2.0, 3.0, 1.7, 18.3, 31.7, 54.2, 88.3, 1400, 1700, 3.7, 5.0 45.8, 35.0, 96.3, 90.8, 2000 44.2 95.8 822B9T 800, 1100, 34.2, 39.2, 70.8, 81.7, 98.3, 97.8, 1400, 1700, 36.7, 39.2, 79.7, 80.3, 100.0, 100.0, 2000 40.0 84.7 100.0 822C6U 800, 1100, 39.2, 42.5, 78.7, 85.0, 100.0, 100.0, 1400, 1700, 40.8, 41.7, 80.0, 91.8, 100.0, 100.0, 2000 42.1 96.5 100.0 RT Master 800, 1100, 40.0, 41.7, 77.7, 86.7, 100.0, 99.7, 1400, 1700, 41.7, 39.2, 90.7, 90.0, 100.0, 100.0, 2000 38.3 91.5 100.0

In this experiment, the compositions that were most effective, particularly against commelina regrowth, were 822B9T, 822C6U and RT Master, which all contain 2,4-D as a second active ingredient.

Example 15

The effect of glyphosate compositions on commelina benghalensis (COMBE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 15a.

TABLE 15a Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Cmpt wt Comp. Gly. 1 % 2 % 3 % 4/5 % 128A5X MEA CIS6 9.6 — — — — — — (38.2) 822B9T K 2,4-D 1.0 CIS6 6.0 NIS2 2.5 — — (30.5) 822C6U IPA 2,4-D 1.8 CIS6 8.0 NIS2 3.0 — — (36)

The compositions of Table 15a, Ultra Blazer, Cobra and RT Master were applied to commelina (COMBE). Results at 7 days after treatment (7DAT) and 24 days after treatment (24DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 15b.

TABLE 15b Glyphosate COMBE COMBE % Compo- Application % inhibition inhibition sition Rate (g a.e./ha) (7DAT) (24 DAT) 128A5X 100, 200, 300, 0.2, 0.2, 0.5, 3.7 29.2, 30.8, 28.3, 400 33.3 822B9T 100, 200, 300, 42.5, 40.0, 43.3, 49.2, 56.7, 72.5, 400 43.3 74.2 822C6U 100, 200, 300, 40.8, 44.2, 45.0, 63.3, 76.7, 79.2, 400 46.7 83.3 Ultra 18, 35, 70, 140, 0.0, 1.7, 4.3, 4.3, 10.0, 10.0, 10.8, Blazer 280, 420 6.7, 8.3 15.0, 41.7, 45.0 Cobra 9, 18, 35, 70, 7.5, 8.3, 13.3, 33.3, 46.7, 41.7, 140, 210 13.3, 20.0, 21.7 42.5, 44.2, 47.5 RT 100, 200, 300 42.5, 41.7, 49.2 73.3, 78.3, 82.5 Master

This experiment shows that mixtures of glyphosate and 2,4-D, such as 822B9T, 822C6U and RT Master are more efficacious against commelina than single ingredient formulations.

Example 16

The effect of glyphosate compositions on commelina benghalensis (COMBE) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 16a.

TABLE 16a Cmpnt. wt Cmpnt. wt Cmpnt. wt Comp. Gly. 2,4-D 1 % 2 % 3 % 085Z5F IPA — CIS9 7.5 — — — — (30.5) 714V9J IPA — 2,4-DB 3.3 — — — — (30.4)

The compositions of Table 16a, Assure II and RT Master were applied to commelina (COMBE). Results at 7 days after treatment (7DAT) and 31 days after treatment (31DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 16b.

TABLE 16b Glyphosate COMBE % COMBE % Compo- Application inhibition inhibition sition Rate (g a.e./ha) (7DAT) (31DAT) 085Z5F 300, 400, 500, 6.0, 5.0, 5.0, 8.0, 9.0, 22.0, 24.0, 600, 700, 800, 9.0, 11.0, 12.0, 36.0, 46.0, 51.0, 900, 1000, 16.0, 24.0, 26.0 53.0, 57.0, 56.0, 1100, 1200 49.0 714V9J 300, 400, 500, 41.0, 44.0, 46.0, 2.0, 20.0, 23.0, 600, 700, 800, 50.0, 53.0, 53.0, 59.0, 54.0, 79.0, 900, 1000, 53.0, 58.0, 60.0, 80.0, 78.0, 74.0, 1100, 1200 62.0 85.0 Assure II 5, 10, 20, 30, 9.0, 10.0, 15.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 40, 80, 160 12.0, 15.0, 13.0, 5.0, 5.0, 0.0, 0.0 19.0 RT 300, 400, 500, 63.0, 61.0, 70.0, 18.0, 24.0, 64.0, Master 600, 700, 800, 66.0, 68.0, 74.0, 85.0, 72.0, 94.0, 900, 1000, 77.0, 80.0, 80.0, 100.0, 95.0, 1100, 1200 80.0 96.0, 100.0

Both 714V9J and RT Master were effective against commelina in this experiment, however, RT Master was the most efficacious.

Example 17

The effect of glyphosate compositions on morningglory (IPOSS) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 17a.

TABLE 17a Cmpnt. wt Cmpnt. wt Cmpnt. wt Comp. Gly. 2,4-D 1 % 2 % 3 % 085Z5F IPA — CIS9 7.5 — — — — (30.5) 714V9J (30.4) — 2,4-DB 3.3 — — — —

The compositions of Table 17a and RT Master were applied to morningglory (IPOSS). Results at 7 days after treatment (7DAT) and 15 days after treatment (15DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 17b.

TABLE 17b Glyphosate IPOSS % IPOSS % Compo- Application inhibition inhibition sition Rate (g a.e./ha) (7DAT) (15DAT) 085Z5F 100, 150, 200, 12.0, 50.0, 43.0, 8.0, 53.0, 58.0, 250, 300, 350, 50.0, 48.0, 48.0, 63.0, 76.6, 76.0, 400, 450, 500, 51.0, 50.0, 49.0, 79.0, 81.2, 82.8, 550, 600, 650, 52.0, 59.0, 54.0, 80.6, 84.2, 83.2, 700 60.0 84.2 714V9J 100, 150, 200, 17.0, 31.0, 43.0, 8.0, 20.0, 23.0, 250, 300, 350, 39.0, 78.0, 77.0, 27.0, 30.0, 26.0, 400, 450, 500, 66.0, 77.0, 66.0, 29.0, 34.0, 30.0, 550, 600, 650, 77.0, 76.0, 75.0, 29.0, 30.0, 33.0, 700 82.0, 77.0, 78.0 34.0 RT 100, 150, 200, 54.0, 62.0, 66.0, 42.0, 68.0, 96.0, Master 250, 300, 350, 70.0, 70.0, 75.0, 97.0, 96.0, 100.0, 400, 450, 500, 76.0, 79.0, 80.0, 100.0, 100.0, 100.0, 550, 600, 650, 84.0, 80.0, 83.0, 100.0, 100.0, 100.0, 700 81.0 100.0

RT Master was the most effective composition for controlling morningglory at 7 and 15 days after treatment.

Example 18

The effect of glyphosate compositions on morningglory (IPOSS) plants was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing the listed amount of glyphosate salt in wt % and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 18a.

TABLE 18a Cmpnt. wt Cmpnt. wt Cmpnt. wt Comp. Gly. 2,4-D 1 % 2 % 3 % 085Z5F IPA — CIS9 7.5 — — — — (30.5) 714V9J (30.4) — 2,4-DB 3.3 — — — —

The compositions of Table 18a, Pursuit and RT Master were applied to morningglory (IPOSS). Results at 14 days after treatment (14DAT), averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 18b.

TABLE 18b Compo- Glyphosate Application IPOSS % inhibition sition Rate (g a.e./ha) (14DAT) 085Z5F 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 7.0, 11.0, 32.0, 44.0, 53.0, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 53.0, 55.0, 61.0, 61.0, 61.0, 350, 375, 400 63.0, 68.0, 76.0 714V9J 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 6.0, 29.0, 36.0, 31.0, 51.0, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 49.0, 68.0, 74.0, 66.0, 80.0, 350, 375, 400 77.0, 74.0, 79.0 Pursuit 4, 8, 16, 35, 70, 105 0.0, 6.0, 36.0, 41.0, 77.0, 80.0 RT Master 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 47.0, 53.0, 66.0, 69.0, 82.0, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 75.0, 89.0, 90.0, 78.0, 89.0, 350, 375, 400 82.0, 89.0, 94.0

RT Master was the most efficacious composition at the application levels of the experiment.

Example 19

Aqueous compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, IPA 2,4-D salt and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 19a. The formulations were prepared by mixing the 40.5% w/w a.e. aqueous solution of IPA 2,4-D to a concentration in w/w % as indicated by [2,4-D] in Table 19a, surfactant(s), glycol followed by addition of 47.8 (47.4)% w/w a.e. aqueous solution of potassium glyphosate to a concentration in w/w % as indicated by [gly] in Table 19a and then taking the total volume to 100% with water. Formulations were tested for cloud point and for density.

TABLE 19a Cmpt. Cmpt. Cmpt. Cloud pt. Comp. [Gly] [2,4-D] 1 wt % 2 wt % 3 wt % ° C. 612A7G 37.2 0.76 CIS6  4.72 NIS2 4.59 OTH2  4.01 72 613A9L 37.3 1.08 CIS6  4.74 NIS2 4.60 OTH2  3.99 52 638A1J 36.5 0.73 CIS6  4.63 CIS14 4.57 — — 87 638B4T 36.8 0.75 CIS6  6.19 CIS14 3.05 — — 72 639A5Z 36.6 0.75 CIS6  6.95 CIS14 2.30 — — 67 639B3X 37.1 0.76 CIS6  3.95 NIS2 4.57 CIS14 0.78 52 640B7Q 36.6 0.73 CIS6  9.14 — — — — 55 641A9V 36.7 0.74 CIS6  6.95 CIS13 2.30 — — 68 641B8D 37.3 0.76 CIS6  4.73 NIS2 3.25 OTH10 5.00 57 645A7S 36.6 0.71 CIS13 8.91 — — — — >85 645B2B 35.8 0.65 CIS6  8.09 OTH2 5.51 — — 56 645C1I 34.7 0.72 CIS6  8.70 OTH2 6.01 — — 60 646A8K 36.6 0.72 CIS6  4.58 CIS13 4.57 OTH2  1.43 >85 646B3Z 34.8 0.69 CIS6  4.35 CIS13 4.35 OTH2  1.67 >85 65469U 35.8 0.64 CIS6  7.97 — — OTH2  5.51 56 656A1T 36.6 0.74 CIS6  6.08 CIS13 3.07 OTH2  2.96 71 656B8Y 36.6 0.73 CIS6  7.33 CIS13 1.83 OTH2  4.18 54 656C3G 36.6 0.73 CIS6  7.31 CIS13 1.83 OTH2  3.17 70 665A2T 34.3 0.69 CIS6  8.53 OTH2  6.01 — — 70 665B3O 34.2 0.68 CIS6  8.55 OTH2  5.00 — — 73 667B6Z 34.2 0.68 CIS6  8.54 OTH2  4.99 — — 79 668A5V 34.2 0.69 CIS6  8.56 OTH10 6.02 — — 71 669B2O 36.6 0.74 CIS6  7.33 CIS13 1.83 OTH10 3.17 58 669C9X 36.6 0.73 CIS6  7.31 CIS13 1.83 OTH2  2.18 60 670A4F 36.6 0.74 CIS6  7.31 CIS13 1.83 OTH10 2.18 61 670B9G 36.6 0.73 CIS6  7.32 CIS13 1.82 OTH2  1.17 62 67006L 36.6 0.74 CIS6  7.33 CIS13 1.83 OTH10 1.19 63 682A0M 36.6 0.73 CIS6  6.86 CIS13 2.29 OTH2  0.71 71 682B5V 36.6 0.72 CIS6  6.85 CIS13 2.29 — — 69 682C7P 36.6 0.73 CIS6  6.10 CIS13 3.05 — — 77 684A4O 36.6 0.73 CIS6  6.53 CIS13 2.61 OTH2  0.40 73 694A9Y 36.6 — CIS6  13.8 — — — — — 695A2D 36.6 — CIS6  8.12 CIS13 4.07 — — — 697A3U 36.6 0.71 CIS6  6.86 CIS14 2.29 — — 70 697B5Y 36.6 0.71 CIS6  6.85 CIS14 2.29 OTH2  1.48 72 697C2T 36.6 0.71 CIS6  6.11 CIS14 3.05 — — 76 698A8R 36.6 0.72 CIS6  6.09 CIS14 3.05 OTH2  3.97 74 312A6E 36.6 0.74 CIS6  4.57 NIS2 4.59 OTH2  4.01 72 313A1V 36.6 1.05 CIS6  4.59 NIS2 4.59 OTH2  3.99 52 316A5G 36.2 0.72 CIS6  4.53 NIS2 4.53 OTH10 4.00 66 316B7Y 36.2 0.72 CIS6  4.53 NIS2 4.53 OTH10 3.00 61 317A0J 36.2 0.72 CIS6  4.53 NIS2 4.53 OTH10 2.02 57 318A4B 35.8 0.72 CIS6  4.47 NIS2 4.50 OTH10 4.02 71 338A2W 36.6 0.73 CIS6  4.57 CIS14 4.58 — — 87 338B4F 36.7 0.74 CIS6  6.09 CIS14 3.04 — — 72 339A3Q 36.6 0.74 CIS6  6.84 CIS14 2.29 — — 67 339B9P 36.6 0.74 CIS6  3.83 CIS14 0.77 NIS2 4.57 52 341A7H 36.6 0.73 CIS6  6.84 CIS13 2.29 — — 68 341B5Z 36.6 0.74 CIS6  4.57 NIS2 3.24 OTH10 5.00 57 346B6T 36.6 0.73 CIS6  6.10 NIS2 3.05 OTH10 4.99 55 346C8X 35.8 0.72 CIS6  4.48 CIS14 0.74 NIS2 3.72 58 351A9M 35.8 0.73 CIS6  4.49 NIS2 4.50 OTH10 5.00 74 351B2V 35.8 0.72 CIS6  5.96 NIS2 2.99 OTH10 5.02 62 352A6G 35.8 0.72 CIS6  3.73 CIS13 0.75 NIS2 4.50 63 352B4N 36.6 0.74 CIS6  4.48 CIS4  4.49 OTH10 5.01 >90 352C5Z 36.6 0.73 CIS6  6.73 CIS4  2.24 OTH10 5.01 80 355A9K 36.6 1.46 CIS6  4.58 CIS4  4.59 OTH10 4.99 73 328D3J 34.3 0.69 CIS6  8.60 OTH10 5.99 — — 72 331H1K 35.9 0.72 CIS6  4.48 NIS2 4.50 OTH10 4.99 74 074A2E 35.4 0.67 CIS2  6.11 — — — — 60 074B9O 36.3 0.51 CIS2  5.97 — — — — 62 075A3Q 36.2 0.54 CIS2  7.55 — — — — 66 077C5Y 39.9 0.15 CIS2  6.78 — — — — 61 078A8U 38.8 0.33 CIS2  6.11 OTH18 0.28 — — 60 083A6B 24.3 1.99 CIS2  8.94 — — — — 64 083B0V 27.8 1.47 CIS2  6.10 — — — — 57 084A6G 41.2 0.17 CIS2  5.67 — — — — 60 084B4R 39.8 0.24 CIS2  6.64 — — — — 62 084C2W 36.2 0.57 CIS6  7.25 — — — — 63 085A8I 28.3 1.59 CIS6  9.09 — — — — 61 085B3S 38.9 0.29 CIS6  6.79 — — — — 61 085C6H 39.2 0.25 CIS6  6.60 — — — — 60 096A5F 39.3 0.25 CIS6  6.63 — — — — 61 098B2X 36.4 0.57 CIS6  6.05 — — — — 60 100A6T 28.2 1.62 CIS2  9.25 — — — — 77 100B5G 28.7 1.60 CIS6  9.23 — — — — 67 501A8V 28.7 1.66 CIS2  9.18 — — — — 66 503A3S 36.1 0.64 CIS2  9.09 — — — — 64 503C5A 35.8 0.65 CIS6  9.30 — — — — 60 505A4R 36.1 0.72 CIS2  9.05 — — — — 60 505C7P 35.9 0.75 CIS2  7.40 — — — — 61 506B1V 36.3 0.71 CIS2  7.27 — — — — 60 508B2M 36.1 0.72 CIS2  7.53 — — — — 60 508E9C 35.9 0.66 CIS2  7.70 — — — — 58 509B0K 36.0 0.62 CIS2  7.53 — — — — 61 510B7L 36.2 0.59 CIS6  7.59 — — — — 61 548B1Z 28.4 1.59 CIS2  9.12 — — — — 56 564B0Y 28.3 1.66 CIS6  9.13 OTH3 1.02 — — 64 569B2W 28.6 2.49 CIS6  7.23 OTH6 1.47 — — 64 580B6G 28.3 3.09 CIS6  7.60 OTH6 2.55 OTH13 2.27 65 581A8J 28.4 3.21 CIS6  6.87 OTH6 2.58 OTH13 2.27 61 581B3E 27.9 3.15 CIS6  3.88 OTH6 4.81 OTH13 5.14 >90 405A8N 28.8 2.69 CIS6  9.61 OTH6 1.49 — — 65 406B7V 28.8 3.08 CIS6  9.22 OTH6 1.65 — — 57

Additional aqueous compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, 2,4-D acid and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 19b. The formulations were prepared by mixing the 98% w/w a.e. aqueous solution of 2,4-D acid to a concentration in w/w % as indicated by [2,4-D] in Table 19b, surfactant(s), glycol followed by addition of 47.8 (47.4)% w/w a.e. aqueous solution of potassium glyphosate to a concentration in w/w % as indicated by [gly] in Table 19b and then taking the total volume to 100% with water. Formulations were tested for cloud point and for density.

TABLE 19b Cmpt. Cmpt. Cmpt. Cloud pt. Comp. [Gly] [2,4-D] 1 wt % 2 wt % 3 wt % ° C. 447A6T 23.2 2.64 CIS12 8.44 — — — — 58 448A1Z 23.6 2.75 CIS5  9.83 — — — — 64 448C5G 24.6 2.96 CIS5  10.3 — — — — 71 451ACI 25.5 2.99 CIS5  9.83 — — — — 50 472A2W 26.2 2.04 CIS5  1.72 CIS12 5.16 — — 56 473B8K 30.4 2.99 CIS5  8.42 — — — — 61 474A3R 28.1 2.70 CIS5  11.5 — — — — 56 489A6H 28.2 2.00 CIS4  9.28 — — — — 59 489B9M 29.1 2.90 CIS4  8.55 — — — — 72 489C5V 28.3 2.97 CIS4  9.05 — — — — 74 489D1Q 28.3 2.95 CIS4  8.99 — — — — 74 009C4N 29.8 3.41 CIS11 8.72 OTH6  4.15 — — 69 012A7O 27.9 3.09 CIS11 8.96 OTH6  2.13 — — 57 012B2X 28.1 3.10 CIS11 8.85 OTH5  2.55 — — 65 013A6K 28.3 3.10 CIS11 9.76 OTH6  2.83 — — 66 013B6T 28.4 3.12 CIS11 9.27 OTH6  2.76 — — 63 021BOU 28.4 3.14 CIS15 9.17 OTH6  2.77 — — 62 026A8V 26.0 2.87 CIS6  8.59 CIS7 2.96 — — 64 026B9Y 26.7 2.84 CIS2  9.19 CIS7 2.54 — — 65 028A3Q 27.1 2.95 CIS6  10.4 CIS7 1.83 — — 53 028B0H 27.5 2.99 CIS6  8.74 CIS7 5.81 — — 53 029A4L 26.8 3.08 CIS6  11.1 CIS7 4.78 — — 60 029B3V 28.0 3.08 CIS2  9.55 CIS7 5.81 — — 58 034A6P 28.3 2.92 CIS2  9.95 OTH16 2.68 — — 58 034B7Y 27.9 2.94 CIS2  9.16 OTH16 2.68 — — 60 044A1L 28.8 3.08 CIS2  9.00 OTH6  2.39 — — 67 044B5T 28.1 3.04 CIS2  9.21 OTH6  2.19 — — 66 045A0X 38.2 3.09 CIS2  9.28 OTH6  2.24 — — 65 045B8Q 28.5 3.10 CIS2  9.19 OTH6  2.17 — — 65 046A2W 28.8 3.10 CIS6  9.13 OTH6  2.24 OTH14 1.15 75 047A6F 28.1 3.09 CIS6  9.09 OTH6  1.51 OTH14 1.87 62 047B7K 28.4 3.13 CIS2  9.21 OTH6  2.16 — — 67 059A0U 28.4 3.13 CIS2  9.21 OTH6  2.19 — — 65 066B1V 26.4 2.73 CIS6  7.70 CIS7 4.55 OTH14 8.70 60 071A3P 32.6 0.92 CIS6  7.74 — — — — 60 072A5S 34.6 0.60 CIS2  7.84 — — — — 60 072C9W 36.6 0.51 CIS2  7.69 — — — — 62 073A4G 34.6 0.54 CIS2  5.89 — — — — 60 073B0M 36.3 0.47 CIS2  6.08 — — — — 62 501B2U 29.0 1.70 CIS2  9.23 — — — — 74 501C9H 28.7 1.82 CIS2  9.07 — — — — 64 502A6G 33.1 1.04 CIS6  9.26 — — — — 62 502B1J 34.7 0.78 CIS2  9.26 — — — — 62 50207K 36.2 0.61 CIS2  9.10 — — — — 61 503B3L 36.1 0.66 CIS6  9.08 — — — — 61 504A8T 36.1 0.65 CIS6  9.08 — — — — 60 504B4P 36.1 0.74 CIS2  9.09 — — — — 61 505B0X 36.1 0.88 CIS2  7.23 — — — — 50 506A4R 36.1 0.30 CIS2  7.24 — — — — 61 508A5J 36.1 0.30 CIS2  7.62 — — — — 60 508C1P 36.0 0.34 CIS2  7.52 — — — — 58 508D2W 35.7 0.31 CIS6  7.50 — — — — 59 509A9I 35.8 0.28 CIS2  7.67 — — — — 60 510A7Z 36.3 0.26 CIS6  7.53 — — — — 61 546A0V 28.4 1.57 CIS2  8.46 OTH9  1.92 — — 60 548A2D 28.5 1.57 CIS2  9.23 OTH9  2.24 — — 60 549B3X 28.5 1.45 CIS2  9.19 OTH9  2.22 — — 66 549C1K 28.5 1.45 CIS2  9.23 OTH9  2.03 — — 71 551B8D 28.5 1.47 CIS2  9.22 OTH9  2.11 — — 66 553A7U 28.2 1.44 CIS2  9.60 OTH9  2.87 — — 58 553B2F 28.4 1.44 CIS2  9.19 OTH9  2.55 — — 63 564A6Y 28.4 1.60 CIS6  9.21 OTH3  1.00 — — 68

Additional aqueous compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, octyl amine 2,4-D salt and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 19c. The formulations were prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of 2,4-D octyl amine salt to a concentration in w/w % as indicated by [2,4-D] in Table 19b, surfactant(s), glycol followed by addition of 47.8 (47.4)% w/w a.e. aqueous solution of potassium glyphosate to a concentration in w/w % as indicated by [gly] in Table 19b and then taking the total volume to 100% with water. Formulations were tested for cloud point and for density.

TABLE 19c [2,4- Cmpt. wt Cmpt. wt Cmpt. wt Cloud Comp. [Gly] D] 1 % 2 % 3 % pt. ° C. 009A5T 31.3 3.18 CIS2  9.95 OTH6 5.17 — — 81 009B9Z 30.4 2.94 CIS11 9.33 OTH6 4.76 — — 71

Example 20

The effect of glyphosate and combinations of 2,4-D and glyphosate on Roundup® ready soy was tested at 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after treatment. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, reported in wt. % a.e. and excipient ingredients as shown for formulations in Table 19a above. The formulations were compared to RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®. The compositions and comparative compositions RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®, were applied to Roundup® ready soy plants. Results, averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 20a.

TABLE 20a Glyphosate Application Rate RR Soy RR Soy RR Soy Composition (g a.e./ha) % inhibition (1DAT) % inhibition (3DAT) % inhibition (7DAT) 656A1T 841, 1681, 3362 15.0, 19.2, 25.0 14.2, 19.2, 30.0 12.2, 20.0, 44.2 665A2T 841, 1681, 3362 10.8, 23.3, 25 10.8, 26.7, 31.7 10.5, 27.5, 48.3 667B6Z 841, 1681, 3362 13.3, 18.3, 21.7 13.3, 18.3, 23.3 11.0, 18.3, 39.2 668A5V 841, 1681, 3362 15.0, 20.8, 21.7 15.8, 23.3, 25.0 15.5, 25.0, 47.5 682A0M 841, 1681, 3362 15.0, 18.3, 29.2 15.0, 20.8, 30.8 13.3, 20.8, 44.2 646A8K 841, 1681, 3362 12.5, 15.0, 20.8 10.0, 17.5, 25.0 12.3, 19.2, 35.0 694A9Y 841, 1681, 3362 4.7, 7.5, 9.5 5.0, 7.0, 15.8 5.0, 10.0, 15.8 695A2D 841, 1681, 3362 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 3.0, 3.7, 15.0 3.0, 3.7, 13.3 Weathermax 841, 1681, 3362 1.0, 1.7, 3.0 1.0, 1.3, 4.3 0.7, 3.0, 3.7 RT Master 841, 1681, 3362 23.3, 20.0, 17.5 23.3, 23.3, 20.8 25.8, 41.7, 56.7

Example 21

The effect of glyphosate and combinations of 2,4-D and glyphosate on velvetleaf was tested. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, reported in wt. % a.e. and excipient ingredients as shown for the formulations in Table 19a above. The formulations were compared to RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®. The compositions comparative compositions RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®, were applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH) plants. Results, averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 21a.

TABLE 21a Glyphosate Application ABUTH % inhibition Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) (14DAT) 656A1T 100, 200, 300, 400 14.2, 67.5, 83.8, 87.5 665A2T 100, 200, 300, 400 36.7, 75.8, 85, 91.7 667B6Z 100, 200, 300, 400 38.3, 74.2, 84.3, 90.3 668A5V 100, 200, 300, 400 48.3, 78.3, 87.5, 89.5 682A0M 100, 200, 300, 400 37.5, 72.5, 83.7, 89.8 646A8K 100, 200, 300, 400 40.8, 80, 85, 90.3 694A9Y 100, 200, 300, 400 67.5, 82.5, 90.8, 93.3 695A2D 100, 200, 300, 400 58.3, 79.2, 88, 90.8 Weathermax 100, 200, 300, 400 35.8, 73.3, 85.8, 90.8 RT Master 100, 200, 300, 400 18.3, 70, 80, 89.2

The order of efficacy for ABUTH % inhibition averaged over all application rates was 694A9Y>695A2D>668A5V>646A8K>665A2T>667B6Z>Weathermax>682A0M>RT Master>656A1T.

Example 22

The effect of glyphosate and combinations of 2,4-D and glyphosate on velvetleaf was tested at 16 days after treatment. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, reported in wt. % a.e. and excipient ingredients as shown for formulations in Table 22a. The formulations were compared to RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®. The 681C4J composition in Table 19a, compositions in Table 22a and comparative compositions RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®, were applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH) plants. Results, averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 22b.

TABLE 22a [2,4- Cmpt. wt Cmpt. wt Cmpt. wt Comp. [Gly] D] 1 % 2 % 3 % 93702V 40.0 — CIS6 6.65 CIS14 3.34 — — 936D9G 36.6 — CIS6 13.6 — — — — 974B3X 34.3 0.69 CIS6 8.60 OTH10 5.99 — — 935A8Z 35.9 0.72 CIS6 4.48 NIS2 6.42 OTH10 4.99 342B6V 36.2 — CIS6 9.05 NIS2 6.52 — — 346A4F 36.6 — CIS6 13.7 — — — — 353A1S 36.6 — CIS6 9.15 CIS4  4.58 — —

TABLE 22b Glyphosate Application ABUTH % inhibition Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) (16DAT) 937C2V 100, 200, 300, 400 30.8, 70.8, 80.8, 91.2 936D9G 100, 200, 300, 400 44.2, 77.5, 85.5, 94.3 974B3X 100, 200, 300, 400 41.7, 70.8, 87.5, 92.3 935A8Z 100, 200, 300, 400 31.7, 62.5, 81.3, 89.0 342B6V 100, 200, 300, 400 45.8, 73.3, 90.0, 92.0 346A4F 100, 200, 300, 400 41.7, 70.0, 84.7, 91.8 353A1S 100, 200, 300, 400 43.3, 77.5, 91.7, 98.3 681C4J 100, 200, 300, 400 38.3, 70.8, 83.2, 89.3 Weathermax 100, 200, 300, 400 28.3, 72.5, 80.8, 90.0 RT Master 100, 200, 300, 400 25.0, 65.0, 84.2, 92.2

The order of efficacy for ABUTH % inhibition averaged over all application rates was 353A1S>936D9G>342B6V>974B3X>346A4F>681C4J>937C2V>Weathermax>RT Master>935A8Z.

Example 23

The effect of glyphosate and combinations of 2,4-D and glyphosate on velvetleaf was tested at 15 days after treatment. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, reported in wt. % a.e. and excipient ingredients as shown for formulations in Tables 22a. The formulations were compared to RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®. The 338A2W, 338B4F, 339A3Q, 341A7H, 352C5Z and 355A9K compositions in Table 19a, the 974B3X and 935A8Z compositions in Table 23a and comparative compositions RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®, were applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti, ABUTH) plants. Results, averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 23a.

TABLE 23a Glyphosate Application ABUTH % inhibition Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) (15DAT) 338A2W 100, 200, 300, 400 41.7, 74.2, 86.5, 90.5 338B4F 100, 200, 300, 400 43.3, 74.2, 88.0, 90.2 339A3Q 100, 200, 300, 400 46.7, 70.8, 89.2, 91.3 341A7H 100, 200, 300, 400 38.3, 73.3, 87.5, 91.7 352C5Z 100, 200, 300, 400 50.0, 72.5, 85.8, 90.7 355A9K 100, 200, 300, 400 45.8, 63.3, 84.7, 89.3 974B3X 100, 200, 300, 400 52.5, 76.7, 88.8, 94.0 935A8Z 100, 200, 300, 400 43.3, 65.0, 84.2, 88.2 Weathermax 100, 200, 300, 400 35.0, 67.5, 82.5, 96.2 RT Master 100, 200, 300, 400 32.5, 69.2, 84.5, 94.0

The order of efficacy for ABUTH % inhibition averaged over all application rates was 974B3X>352C5Z>339A3Q>338B4F>338A2W>341A7H>355A9K>Weathermax>935A8Z>RT Master.

Example 24

The effect of glyphosate and combinations of 2,4-D and glyphosate on Roundup ready soybean plants was tested at 1 day and 3 days after treatment. Aqueous concentrate compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, reported in wt. % a.e. and excipient ingredients as shown for formulations in Tables 22a. The formulations were compared to RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®. The 681C4J, 342B2H, 342C3A, 346A7C, 353A8Q, 338A2W, 338B4F, 339A3Q, 341A7H, 352C5Z and 355A9K compositions in Table 19a, the 937C2V, 936D9G, 974B3X and 935A8Z compositions in Table 22a and comparative compositions RT Master® and Roundup Weathermax®, were applied to Roundup ready soybean (GLXMG) plants using an AI nozzle. Results, averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 24a.

TABLE 24a Glyphosate RR Soy RR Soy Application Rate % injury % injury Composition (g a.e./ha) (1DAT) (3DAT) 681C4J 841, 1681 2.0, 4.0 2.8, 6.5 342B2H 841, 1681 2.8, 10.3 5.0, 13.3 342C3A 841, 1681 1.8, 10.0 4.8, 11.3 346A7C 841, 1681 6.5, 14.0 5.0, 14.0 353A8Q 841, 1681 2.3, 10.8 6.0, 12.8 338A2W 841, 1681 25.0, 26.3 31.3, 33.8 338B4F 841, 1681 23.8, 23.8 30.0, 35.0 339A3Q 841, 1681 27.5, 26.3 30.0, 35.0 341A7H 841, 1681 18.8, 30.0 21.3, 38.8 352C5Z 841, 1681 25.0, 31.3 27.5, 36.3 355A9K 841, 1681 21.3, 26.3 20.0, 31.3 937C2V 841, 1681 2.0, 4.0 2.3, 6.8 936D9G 841, 1681 14.5, 20.0 9.3, 22.5 974B3X 841, 1681 28.8, 32.5 33.8, 38.8 935A8Z 841, 1681 25.0, 23.8 23.8, 27.5 Weathermax 841, 1681 2.0, 10.0 2.0, 5.0 RT Master 841, 1681 21.3, 18.8 22.5, 27.5

The order of efficacy for % control in Roundup ready soybeans averaged over all application rates using an AI nozzle was 974B3X>352C5Z>339A3Q>338A2W>338B4F>341A7H>935A8Z>355A9K>RT Master>936D9G>346A7C>342B2H>353A8Q>342C3A>Weathermax>681C4J>937C2V.

Example 25

The experiment in Example 24 was repeated using an TT nozzle to apply the formulations to the Roundup ready soybean plants. Results, averaged for all replicates of each treatment, are shown in Table 25a.

TABLE 25a Glyphosate RR Soy RR Soy Application % injury % injury Composition Rate (g a.e./ha) (1DAT) (3DAT) 681C4J 841, 1681 1.0, 3.5 1.0, 2.8 342B2H 841, 1681 2.3, 6.0 2.0, 6.5 342C3A 841, 1681 3.0, 5.0 1.5, 5.5 346A7C 841, 1681 2.5, 4.5 2.3, 5.3 353A8Q 841, 1681 2.0, 6.0 2.3, 6.8 338A2W 841, 1681 20.0, 26.3 16.3, 28.8 338B4F 841, 1681 22.5, 26.3 15.0, 26.3 339A3Q 841, 1681 22.5, 22.5 20.0, 25.0 341A7H 841, 1681 20.0, 25.0 15.0, 26.3 352C5Z 841, 1681 26.3, 23.8 25.0, 30.0 355A9K 841, 1681 28.8, 26.3 27.5, 31.3 937C2V 841, 1681 1.8, 3.0 1.3, 3.5 936D9G 841, 1681 3.3, 7.3 3.3, 12.0 974B3X 841, 1681 20.0, 26.3 16.3, 28.8 935A8Z 841, 1681 21.3, 26.3 18.8, 27.5 Weathermax 841, 1681 2.0, 4.5 2.0, 5.0 RT Master 841, 1681 18.8, 20.0 22.5, 27.5

The order of efficacy for % control in Roundup ready soybeans averaged over all application rates using a TT nozzle was 355A9K>352C5Z>935A8Z>974B3X>338A2W>338B4F>339A3Q>RT Master>341A7H>936D9G>353A8Q>342B2H>342C3A>346A7C>Weathermax>937C2V>681C4J.

Example 26

Aqueous compositions were prepared containing potassium glyphosate salt, dicamba and excipient ingredients as shown in Table 26a. Formulations were tested for cloud point and for density.

TABLE 26a [2,4- Cmpt. wt Cmpt. wt Cmpt. wt Cloud Comp. [Gly] D] 1 % 2 % 3 % pt. ° C. 561A2J 39.8 0.80 CIS6 6.63 CIS4 3.32 — — 51 561B5M 39.8 0.79 CIS6 6.40 CIS4 3.56 — — 53 561C3A 39.8 0.79 CIS6 5.97 CIS4 3.98 — — 56 561D7Y 39.8 0.79 CIS6 5.62 CIS4 4.33 — — 58 561E8P 39.8 0.50 CIS6 6.64 CIS4 3.32 — — 66 

What is claimed is:
 1. An aqueous herbicidal concentrate composition comprising: (a) glyphosate or a herbicidal derivative thereof, in a concentration of at least 150 grams acid equivalent per liter; (b) an auxin herbicide component comprising one or more auxin herbicides selected from the group consisting of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, dicamba, picloram, quniclorac and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof; and (c) a first surfactant component in solution or stable suspension, emulsion or dispersion and comprising an amine oxide having the formula:

wherein R⁵¹, R⁵² and R⁵³ are independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, —(R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵R⁵⁵, or —R⁵⁶(OR⁵⁴)_(x) ⁵OR⁵⁵, R⁵⁴ in each of the x⁵ (R⁵⁴O) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene, R⁵⁵ is hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, R⁵⁶ is hydrocarbylene or substituted hydrocarbylene having from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, x⁵ is an average number from 1 to about 50, and the total number of carbon atoms in R⁵¹, R⁵² and R⁵³ is at least
 8. 2. The composition of claim 1 comprising glyphosate in the form of the potassium, isopropylamine, di-ammonium, ammonium, sodium, monoethanolamine, n-propylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, hexamethylenediamine, dimethylamine, or trimethylsulfonium salt thereof.
 3. The composition of claim 2 comprising glyphosate in the form of the dimethylamine salt thereof.
 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the auxin herbicide component comprises one or more auxin herbicides selected from the group consisting of 2,4-D, dicamba and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof.
 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the auxin herbicide component comprises 2,4-D or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the auxin herbicide component comprises dicamba or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the glyphosate is present in an amount of from about 150 to about 600 grams acid equivalent per liter.
 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the first surfactant component is present in the composition is in an amount of at least about 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition has a cloud point of at least about 50° C.
 10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition has a crystallization point not higher than about 0° C.
 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, or —(R⁵⁴O)_(x) ⁵R⁵⁵, R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms, R⁵⁴ in each of the x⁵ (R⁵⁴O) groups is independently C₂-C₄ alkylene; R⁵⁵ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and x⁵ is an average number from 1 to about
 30. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms.
 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently methyl, and R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms.
 14. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a water-soluble solvent.
 15. The composition of claim 14 wherein the water-soluble solvent is selected from the group consisting of methylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, polyalkalene glycol, and mixtures thereof.
 16. The composition of claim 1 further comprising an organic acid.
 17. An aqueous herbicidal concentrate composition comprising: (a) glyphosate in the form of the dimethylamine salt thereof, in a concentration of from about 150 to about 600 grams acid equivalent per liter; (b) an auxin herbicide component comprising 2,4-D or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof; (c) a first surfactant component in solution or stable suspension, emulsion or dispersion and comprising an amine oxide having the formula:

wherein R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms; and (d) a water-soluble solvent selected from the group consisting of methylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, polyalkalene glycol, and mixtures thereof.
 18. The composition of claim 17 wherein R⁵¹ and R⁵² are independently methyl, and R⁵³ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms.
 19. The composition of claim 17 wherein the water-soluble solvent comprises propylene glycol.
 20. The composition of claim 17 further comprising an organic acid. 